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Transcript
1. (a) Define the term clade. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) The table below lists five animals along with four morphological characteristics. A plus sign (+) indicates that the animal has this characteristic while a minus sign (–) indicates that the characteristic is absent. Animal Jaws Limbs Hair Placenta Salamander + + – – Mouse + + + + Jellyfish – – – – Koala + + + – Salmon + – – – Based on the features above, a student constructed a cladogram. State the names of the organisms missing in the following cladogram. (2) 2. (b) Outline the evidence provided by DNA for the common ancestry of living organisms. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) IB Questionbank Biology 1 (c) The cladogram below shows the classification of species A to D. Deduce how similar species A is to species B, C and D. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (d) Suggest two reasons for using cladograms for the classification of organisms. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (b) State one assumption made when the Hardy–Weinberg equation is used. ...................................................................................................................................... (1) IB Questionbank Biology 2 (c) Outline how variations in specific molecules can lead to phylogeny. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (3) (d) Outline the value of classifying organisms. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 7 marks) 4. (a) Using examples, distinguish between analogous characteristics and homologous characteristics. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (4) IB Questionbank Biology 3 (b) Albinism, a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, is caused by a recessive allele. Albinism occurs in North America in approximately one in 20 000 persons. Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equation is applied in this example. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (5) (Total 9 marks) 5. Explain the biochemical evidence provided by DNA and protein structures for the common ancestry of living organisms. ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ IB Questionbank Biology 4 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ (Total 6 marks) IB Questionbank Biology 5 6. The cladogram below shows how closely related a group of species of spiders are on the Hawaiian island group. Two of the species have not been given a scientific name. Three pairs of the spiders spin very similar webs. These are shown on the diagram. The island on which the spider lives is also indicated. location: T. laboriosa (a) - Mainland - USA T. hawaiensis - Hawai’i “emerald ovoid” - O’ahu T. limu - O’ahu “eurylike” - O’ahu T. acuta - Maui T. fliciphilia - Maui T. stelarobusta - Maui T. eurychasma - Maui T. perkinsi - Hawai’i Deduce whether spiders that spin similar webs or spiders that live on the same island are more closely related. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) IB Questionbank Biology 6 (b) Mitochondrial DNA from the spiders was analysed to produce the cladogram. Outline the method of analysing the DNA to produce evidence for cladograms. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3) (c) Explain the evidence in the diagram for (3) (i) convergent evolution; ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (ii) adaptive radiation. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... IB Questionbank Biology 7
