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Download Unit B. 3.0 Plant Physiology
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Horticulture I 3.00 Plant Anatomy Mrs. Schratwieser Unit B Plant Physiology • 3.01 Discuss biological terms used to describe plants. A. Life Cycle of Plants 1. Annual –completes its life cycle in 1 year 2. Biennial – completes its life cycle in 2 years • Usually grows the 1st and flowers the 2nd 3. Perennial – lives more than 2 years • Some grow and bloom the first year B. Leaf Retention of a Plant 1. Deciduous – lose their leaves during dormant season 2. Evergreen – plants retain their leaves and remain green year round C. Moisture in Plants 1. Turgid – swollen with moisture 2. Wilted – plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture D. Plant Growth 1. Dormant – resting or growing very little • Generally a response to adverse conditions (extreme heat or cold) 2. Botany – plant part of biology E. Season Crop Type 1. Cool season plants – relish cool temperatures • Grow best in spring or fall • Pansy 2. Warm season plants – relish warm temperatures • Grow best in summer and early fall • Zinnia, Marigold, Vinca Plant Physiology • 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants A. Leaves External Parts of Leaf • Petiole • Midrib • Blade • Veins • Margin • Apex Petiole (leaf stalk-connects leaf to stem) Midrib- large center vein Blade-large, flat part of leaf Veins-structural framework of leaf Margin – edge of leaf Apex- leaf tip Internal Parts of leaf • Epidermis • Stomates • Guard cells • Chloroplasts Epidermis – “skin” part of leaf prevents water loss Stomates – small openings under the leaf that allow the plant to breath or transpire Guard Cells – regulate the opening and closing of stomates Chloroplasts – small green particles (chlorophyll) needed for photosynthesis Functions of Leaf • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Transpiration Photosynthesis-process of capturing sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into food 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → 6(CH2O) + 6 O2 Respiration- converts sugars and starches into energy Transpiration – release of water vapor from leaves (cools the plants) Leaves additional • Sessile • Bracts • Needles & Scales • Glaborous • Pubescent Sessile-leaves without a petiole (Zinnia) Bracts – modified leaves (poinsettia) Needles & Scales – modified leaves (pine tree, cedar) Glaborous – leaves/stems with a smooth, non hairy feel (magnolia) Pubescent – leaves/stems with hairy feel (fuzz) (African Violet) B. Stems External Parts • Lenticels • Bud scale scars • Leaf scars • Terminal bud • Axillary bud • Lateral bud Lenticels • Breathing pores • On stems and branches Bud Scale Scars • Indicates where a terminal bud has been located Leaf Scar • Indicates where a leaf was attached Terminal Bud • Bud on end of stem Axillary bud • Bud located at the axil of the leaf Lateral Bud • Buds on side of stem Internal parts of stem • Xylem • Phloem • Cambium • Bark • Heartwood • Sapwood Internal Stems 1. Xylem - Tissue transporting water and nutrients up from the roots to the stems and leaves 2. Phloem – Tissue transporting food down from leaves to the roots 3. Cambium – Thin, green, actively growing tissue between the bark and wood • Produces all new stem cells 4. Bark – Old, inactive phloem 5. Heartwood – Old, inactive xylem 6. Sapwood – New, active xylem Cotyledons 1. Monocots – plant stems with vascular bundles • Each bundle contain both xylem and phloem • Produce one seed leaf • Many grasses and corn 2. Dicots – plant stems have a phloem and xylem layer separated by cambium • Produce 2 seed leaves • Trees and many vegetables Functions of the stem 1. Translocation – movement of water and minerals through plant • Phloem moves food down to roots • Xylem moves water & nutrients up to leaves from roots C. Roots External parts (much different than stems) 1. Root cap – located at tip of root • Where new cells are produced 2. Root hairs – absorb moisture (water) and minerals Internal Parts (much like stems) • Contain phloem, cambium, xylem layers 1. Phloem – outer layer of root, carries food down the root 2. Xylem- inner layer of root, carries water and minerals up to stem Types of roots 1. Fibrous – many branched shallow roots • Easy to transplant 2. Tap – long roots with few branched roots • More difficult to transplant Functions of Roots 1. Anchorage 2. Absorption 3. Asexual reproduction 4. storage D. Flowers External • Sepals – green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens • Petals – really modified leaves that attract insects for polination Internal • Develop into seeds & fruits • Stamens – Male flower part 1. Anther: sac-like structure, contains pollen (male sex cells) 2. Filament: short stalk, holds up anther • Pistil – Female flower part 1. Stigma: sticky part on top of style, where pollen is deposited 2. Style: holds up stigma, connects it to the ovary 3. Ovary: becomes fruit if fertilized 4. Ovules: eggs (female sex cells) becomes seeds if fertilized Functions • Attracts insects for pollination • Produces seeds for sexual reproduction • Produces fruit to nourish and protect seed Additional Information • Complete flower – contains male and female parts • Incomplete flower – have only male or only female parts • Fertilization – pollen travels down the style, joining sperm and ovule • Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma • Cross-pollination – transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant • Self-pollination – transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma of a flower on the same plant Additional Information • Corolla – auxiliary parts of the flower, not including reproductive organs (collective term for all the petals of flower) • Calyx – external, usually green, leafy part of the flower (collective term for all sepals of a flower) • Receptacle – enlarged tip of a stem on which a flower is born • Fruit – protects seed & helps with seed dispersal • Juvenile stage – plant first begins to grow from a seed Read and summarize “Why leaves Change Color” • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why-do-leaves-change-color.html