Download The Roman Republic

The Romans
Chapter 6
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Legend vs. Reality
• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised
by she-wolves and decided to build
a city near the spot they were
abandoned by their father, the god
Mars, and a Latin Princess.
• Reality- spot was chosen due to it’s
location and fertile soil.
– Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber
River in the center of the Italian
Peninsula
– Near the mid-point of the
Mediterranean sea.
Early Settlers
• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
• Greeks, Latins and EtruscansLatins built the original Rome
• Greeks established colonies in
southern Italy which brought
them in contact with Greek
culture
• Etruscans known for metal
working, writing and architecture
Early Roman Republic
• Rome became controlled by
Etruscan kings around 600 BC
• Last one Tarquin the Proud
was a harsh dictator
– Romans established res Republica
(means public affairs)
– A republic is a form of
government in which power rests
with citizens who have the right
to vote for their leaders (Free
born male citizens)
Roman Law
• Tribunes- the elected representatives of
the plebeians’ assembly to protect the
plebeians from unfarir acts of patrician
officials
• The Twelve Tables
– 451 BC- laws were carved on 12
stone tablets and hung in the forum
(center of government)
– Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens
having equal protection under the
law.
The Struggle for Power
• Patricians- wealthy land owners
– Had and wanted to retain most of the
power
– Inherited power based on social status
– Held the highest government positions
• Plebeians- commoners
–
–
–
–
Farmers, artisans, and merchants
Made the majority of the population
Citizens with the right to vote
Barred from holding the highest
positions in government
What the Romans Valued
• Their Government
– republic
• Their Military
– All land owners required to serve
– 10 years service required for
some political offices
– Key factors in Rome’s rise
• Fighting skills
• Military organization
Military Organization
Legion
Infantry
5000
Century
80
Century
80
We
support
the
Infantry
Calvary
Century
80
Century
80
The Spread of Roman Power
Conquest
• By 265 BC Rome controlled the
Italian Peninsula
• Treated conquered people
differently (LENIENCY)
– Nearest to Rome= Full Citizens
– Citizenship w/out right to vote
– Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
• Must supply soldiers for army
• Can not make Allies with anyone
else but Rome
The Spread of Roman Power
Trade & a Commercial Network
• Location, Location, Location
• Land and Sea
• Traded olive oil and wine for
foods, raw materials and
manufactured goods
• Other powerful traders interfered
with the access to the
Mediterranean
Patricians or Plebians
Make a Venn-Diagram and fill it in using
the following:
Could vote
Wealthy Aristocrats
Landowner, merchants,
shopkeepers, farmers
Could hold public office
from the start
Resented lack of power
Elected the tribunes
Could not hold public office
Mandatory military sevice
Punic Wars
The First Punic Wars
• Rome vs. Carthage (a
civilization in N. Africa) over
control of Mediterranean trade
• Events
– Control of Sicily & Western Med.
– Lasted 23 years
– Rome won
Second Punic War
•
•
•
•
•
Hannibal
50,000 infantry & 9000 cavalry
60 elephants
Goal= Capture Rome
Path across Spain through the
Alps
• For 10 years his army taunted
the Romans
The Third Punic War
• Hannibal had been in Italy for
all those years, but Romans
held out
• Roman general (Scipio) had a
plan
– GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
– Attack Carthage
– Rome burned the city and sold 50,000
residents into slavery
– made it a Roman territory= control
The Roman Empire
Chapter 6
Section 2
The Collapse of the Republic
• As the Romans expanded,
their republic form of
government gradually
became unstable
• Things that brought problems
to the republic:
1. Economic turmoil:
2. Military Upheaval:
Economic Turmoil and More
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves
were largest group
Former soldiers sell land to estates
They become homeless (urban poor) or
migrant laborers
Generals seized more personal power,
New group of soldiers (urban poor or
migrants) rejoined the army
New soldiers owed allegiance to their
generals who promise them wealth
The Republic is now in a position to be
taken over by one of them
Military Upheaval (Review)
• The military was once very loyal to
Rome. (Because they were
“Romans”)
• They began to recruit non-Romans
who fought for their commander
who promised them things, rather
that fighting for ROME
• This gave the military more power,
and the military leaders gained
power too
Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power
• He was a powerful general
• Elected as counsel to run the
government as a Triumvirate
(Group of 3 rulers)
• He served as counsel for 1 year
• Appointed himself governor of
Gaul
Julius’ Rise to Power (pt.2)
• Conquered Gaul by fighting
along side his soldiers and won
their allegiance
• People in Rome are talking
about him
• Pompey (Counsel) feared
Caesar's popularity and
ordered his legion to disband
Caesar’s Return to Rome
• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon
River and Pompey runs away!
• 46 BC Caesar defeats the
opposition in the senate
• 44 BC- he was appointed
dictator for life
Caesar’s Leadership as an
Absolute Ruler
Reforms brought to the empire
1. Granted citizenship to people in
provinces
2. Expanded the senate & added
supporters from throughout
Italy and other region
3. Jobs for poor (public buildings)
4. Started colonies for more people
to own land
5. Increased pay for soldiers
The Results of Reform
1. Nobles feared their own loss of
power
2. Some considered him a tyrant and
wanted him dead.
Death of Julius Caesar:
March 15, 44 BC 23 important
senators led by Marcus Brutus and
Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in
the senate chamber- all stabbed
him to death
Pause and Review:
• Create an Acrostic with a partner for
“COLLAPSE” in which you describe
the end of the republic and
formation of the Empire
• Read the excerpt from Colleen
McCullough’s book Caesar’s Women
• Answer the following: Do you think this
excerpt supports the notion that Caesar
was a genius at military strategy? Explain
with evidence from the text.
Rome after the assassination of
Julius Caesar
• After Caesar’s death civil war broke
out in Rome
• Second Triumvirate came to rule
consisting of
– Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)
– Mark Antony (A general)
– Lepidus (Powerful politician)
• Eventually Octavian came out on
top
• Octavian took the title of Augustus
which means: exalted one or
emperor
A Vast and Powerful Empire
• Augustus’ rule ushered in the
Pax Romana meaning: Roman
Peace
–
–
–
–
–
207 years
Time of prosperity
3 million square miles
Population = 60-80 million
1 million lived in the city of
Rome
Aspects of Augustus’ rule
• Efficient government with strong
rule
• Stabilized the frontier
• Glorified Rome with public
buildings
• Civil service= paid government
workers
• Plebeians became civil servants and
eventually administered the empire.
After the death of Augustus
• The Empire continued to
remain stable (due to the large
civil service), but he forgot to
do one thing…appoint a
successor.
Trade and Industry
•
Trade was made possible through
1.
2.
3.
•
Thriving agriculture
Common coinage (money)
Trading network of roads and
shipping
Most important industry in Rome
was agriculture
–
About 90% of Romans were farmers
Slavery and Society
• About 1/3 of the population were
slaves
• Most slaves were property meaning
that their owner could punish,
reward, set free or kill them.
• Society
– Many Romans were poor
– The government gave them
“entertainment”
• Gladiators
Chapter 6, Section 4
“The Fall of the Roman Empire”
I.
A Century of Crisis
A.
Rome’s Economy Weakens
1. trade disrupted
2. raised taxes
3. minted same coins made with less silver
a. inflation – value of money drops & prices rise
4. farmland destroyed – overworked soil lost fertility
a. food shortages = population decline
B. Military and Political Turmoil
1. mercenaries recruited – foreign soldiers who serve for pay
a. not loyal to Rome
2. citizens lost sense of patriotism, became indifferent
II.
Emperors Attempt Reform
A.
Diocletian Reforms the Empire
1. limited personal freedoms, but restored order
2. doubled size of army
3. fixed prices
4. divided empire; Greek-speaking East & Latinspeaking West
B. Constantine Moves the Capital
1. restored concept of single ruler
2. Byzantium became new capital, later named Constantinople
a. center of power in empire shifted east
b. power divided again after Constantine’s death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYhMQNPa8mM&safe=
active
III. The Western Empire Crumbles
A. Germanic Invasions
1. Germanic tribes moved to Roman lands to escape
Huns; overran Romans
B. Attila the Hun
1. terrorized Roman Empire, but never captured capital or Rome
C. An Empire No More
1. eastern ½ of empire became Byzantine Empire
2. Roman ideas, customs, & institutions spread
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmdPQy6Fdc&safe=active
Attila the Hun
On a separate sheet of paper:
– Review the Multiple Causes: Fall of the Western Roman
Empire on page 174
– Answer the two Skill builder questions
– Read the four Sources on page 177 and answer the
Document Based Questions
Religion in the Roman Empire
Chapter 6 Section 3
The Rise of Christianity
. Create a chart with the heading below in your notebooks. Then, give two
or three examples showing how each element helped Christianity become
a major world religion in a few centuries.
Roman Empire
Christian
Message
Church
Organization
The Romans and The Jews
• Roman power spread to Judea
around 63 BC
• Romans allowed the Jews to remain
independent (in name)
• Jews practiced their faith
• In AD 6, Rome took control of the
Jewish province
• Many Jews believed they would be
free again- based on the Savior God
promised
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman
Empire• Raised in the Jewish tradition
• Was a carpenter by trade
• Ministry at age 30= preached,
taught, did good works,
performed miracles
Jesus’ Teachings
• Ideas from the Jewish tradition
– Monotheism
– Ten Commandments
• Emphasized and stressed
– God’s personal relationship to each
person
– Love for God, neighbors, enemies and
self
– God would end wickedness
– Eternal kingdom for those who
sincerely repent for their sins
More About His Life
• Few historical records
• Gospels= First four books of
New Testament are the best
record of his teachings
• His fame grew as he preached
and ignored wealth, fame, and
status
• He especially appealed to the
poor
Jesus’ Death
• Jesus claimed to be the
MESSIAH- or savior- Jewish
leaders denied this claim
• Jewish leaders accused him of
blasphemy
• Pontius Pilate accused him of
defying Roman authority
• Sentenced to death by
crucifixion
A New Religion
• Christianity began following
His death
• Pax Romana allowed this to
spread freely
• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in
the common languages of Latin
and Greek clarifying the
Christian belief system
Jewish Rebellion and Christian
Persecution
• Two Jewish rebellions led to the
destruction of their holiest temple
and the Diaspora- dispersal of Jews
from their homeland * will last 1800
yrs.
• Christians refused to worship
Roman gods and were blamed for
political and economic troubles in
the empire.
• Decline of Pax Romana= increased
persecution of Christians
– Crucified, burned, fed to animals
A New World Religion
• Appeals of Christianity
• Constantine accepted
Christianity
• End of persecution of
Christians in 313 AD
• 380 AD the emperor
Theodosius made Christianity
the official religion of the
empire
Rome’s Enduring Legacy
Chapter 6 Section 5
Rome and the Roots of Western
Civilization
Greco-Roman Culture
• A.K.A. classical civilization
• Combination of Greek,
Hellenistic, and Roman
cultures and beliefs.
• “Greece, once overcome, overcame
her wild conqueror”
– What does this mean?
The Fine Arts of Rome
• Art and literature represented
Roman ideals of strength,
permanence and solidity.
• Learned sculpture from the
Greeks, but theirs was more
realistic
• Art was used for public
education
Bas Relief Sculpture
• Carved
image
projecting
from a flat
background• usually
represented
soldiers,
crowds of
people, or
landscapes
Mosaics
• Pictures or designs
made by placing
small stones, tiles, or
glass onto a flat
surface.
Dionysos is the god of wine
Painting- Frescos
• Bright, large
murals painted
directly onto
walls
• Best examples
are at Pompeii
and were
preserved by
the eruption of
Mt Vesuvius
Venus and Mars
Literature and Philosophy
• Again, borrowed from the
Greeks
• Stoicism= encouraged virtue,
duty, moderation and
endurance
• Virgil= poet who modeled his
writing after Homer. Wrote
the Aneid which glorified the
Roman government
The Recording of Roman History
• Livy- wrote a multivolume
Roman history that
incorporated legends and
myths- not a true history
• Tacitus- presented accurate
facts- even when it was critical
of the actions of some
emperors
The Legacy of the Roman
Language
– Latin
– Basis for education long after the
fall of the empire and R.C.C. until
the 20th century
– Influenced “Romance” languages
(French, Spanish, Portugese,
Italian, Romanian and English)
The Legacy of Roman
Architecture
• Spectacular building (Coliseum)
combined arches, columns and
concrete
– Thomas Jefferson= models for the US
capital and other public buildings
• Aqueducts- water channels that
brought water into cities
• Roman Roads- some are still in use
today
Influence of Roman Law
• Their most lasting and wide-spread
influence
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–
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Equal treatment under the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
Punishment for actions, not thoughts
Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws
•LEGACY OF ANCIENT ROME
•Complete the readings and Analyze
the documents/images