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Earth Science ASTRONOMY STUDY GUIDE Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of notebook paper and staple this sheet to your answer sheet. A completed study guide is worth 4 extra credit points on the test. Study guides are due in the beginning of class the day of the test. Early Astronomy Compare and contrast the heliocentric and geocentric models of the Universe. Use the terms “rotation” and “revolution: to explain how the Moon, Earth, and Sun relate to each other. What is the shape of a planets orbit called? Draw a picture of a planet, the sun and the shape of the planets path around the sun. In the diagram above indicate where the planets velocity is the greatest and where it is the slowest Describe Kepler’s 3 laws of planetary motion (in your own words) and give examples for each. Do planets located further from the sun or closer to the sun have a longer orbital period around the sun? Which of Kepler’s Laws proves this? Earth-Sun-Moon System What are rotation and revolution? How do these motions of the earth define 1 day? 1 year? What is the synodic month and how does it differ from the sidereal month? How long is each? o Honors – explain sidereal/synodic (solar) day Draw the positions of the Earth, Sun and Moon during a lunar and solar eclipse. When do eclipses occur? Explain the surface features of the moon, using the vocabulary words rilles, maria, regolith, highlands, craters, and rays. Earth’s Tilt Explain what causes the seasons. Draw a diagram of the Earth and sun, with the Northern hemisphere experiencing winter. Define solstice and equinox. When does each occur and what is the significance of each? Draw a diagram. Define the following: precession, nutation, and barycenter. Draw a picture of the Earth and the moon orbiting around a barycenter. Will the barycenter be located closer to the Earth or the moon? Why? Moon and Tides Describe the three tidal patterns. Compare neap and spring tides. Draw a diagram with the Earth, Sun, and the moon in its 8 phases. Indicate in what phases the Earth will experience a spring tide or a neap tide. o Honors– Explain how the moon rises and sets and how this relates to the moon’s phases. Studying the Sun Explain the process that fuels energy for the sun. Describe/diagram the structure of the sun and the four layers that make up the sun. Identify the vocabulary words sunspots, solar flare, solar wind, granules, and prominences. Earth Science Touring our Solar System What is the order of the planets? Give defining physical descriptions of each of the planets (atmosphere, temperature, etc) as well as the planet “nicknames.” Why are the 2D models we often use in Astronomy to represent our solar system inaccurate and misleading? What characterizes the Jovian planets and the terrestrial planets? What is the difference between asteroids, comets, and meteoroids? Beyond our Solar System What is the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude? How does this relate to a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? Describe the process of stellar evolution and the life of a star, using vocabulary words such as main sequence star, red giant, supergiant, nebula, protostar, medium mass star, low mass star, white dwarf, supernova, black hole Universe/Galaxies What are the four types of galaxies and how does Hubble classify each one? Give defining characteristics of each. What is the Big Bang? What evidence do we have to support the Big Bang Theory?