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Transcript
Chapter 16/17/19Test Review Evolution PLEASE SEE BOTTOM FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS! Question 1. 10% of a population are blue-eyed (a recessive trait). Use the H-W law to determine what percent of the population is heterozygous for not having blue eyes). 2. What does natural selection directly work on? 3. If 90% of a population has a widow’s peak (dominant trait), what percent of the population will show the recessive trait? Be heterozygous for the trait? 4. What is a polygenic trait? 5. What 5 scientists influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution? 6. What are 5 pieces of evidence for evolution? 7. What are the three modes of selection? 8. What are two general examples of genetic drift? 9. What are three sources of genetic variation? 10. What five conditions must be met for the HardyWeinberg Law? 11. What good ideas did Lamarck have about evolution? 12. What incorrect ideas did Lamarck have about evolution? 13. What is meant by common descent? 14. What is the definition of natural selection? 15. What is the most probable reason for genetic drift to occur? 16. What is the term that describes the formation of a new species? 17. What must be present in a population in order for natural selection to occur? Answer 44% phenotypes 10% (ww) 44% (Ww) Trait controlled by 2+genes, have many phenotypes (height in humans) Lamarck, Lyell, Hutton, Malthus, & Wallace (HOW?) Fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy (homologous structures & vestigial organs), biochemistry, biogeography Stabilizing, directional, disruptive Bottleneck effect & founder effect Mutations, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction (crossing over, ind assortment), and lateral gene transfer No mutations, large populations, random mating, no migration, no natural selection Livings things change over time Acquired traits are passed on to offspring/use and disuse – body structures can change according to the actions of the organism Share a common ancestor and therefore share a number of inherited characteristics Individuals whose characteristics are well-suited to their environment survive and reproduce better than those not well-suited to their environment Population is small Speciation Variation (genetic), overproduction, struggle for existence 18. What is temporal isolation? 19. The genes carried by all members of a particular population make up the populations? 20. What ship did Darwin sail on? 21. What term describes characteristics or behaviors that enable an organism to survive better and reproduce more in its environment? 22. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change has long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid change? 23. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change is slow and steady? 24. What 3 factors can lead to reproductive isolation? 25. What was Hutton’s and Lyell’s contribution to Darwin’s theory? 26. What was the most famous place Darwin visited? 27. When one species gives rise to several species – which type of speciation is this? (like in Darwin’s finches) 28. Which mode of selection did the peppered moths in England exhibit? 29. Which mode of selection has individuals with the average form of the trait having the highest fitness? 30. In genetic drift, the allele frequencies in a gene pool change because of? 31. Genetic drift tends to occur in populations that are? 32. What is the founder effect? 33. What is genetic equilibrium? 34. What are the 5 conditions that must be met to maintain HW Equilibrium? 35. What factor is necessary for speciation? 36. What are the 5 steps necessary for adaptative radiation? 37. What is adaptative radiation? 38. What is the process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other? 39. Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution? Reproduction occurring at different times of the year or day Gene Pool HMS Beagle Fitness Punctuated equilibrium Gradualism Geographic barriers, behavioraldifferences in mating behaviors, and temporal The earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred Galapagos Islands Adaptive radiation Directional Stabilizing Chance Small GD that results from the colonization of a small group of people Situation in which allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population remain constant 1. no immigration/emigration, 2. no nat. selection, 3. no mutations, 4. random mating, 5. large population Reproductive isolation 17.3 #21 When one species gives rise to several species Coevolution Convergent evo – process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments 40. If a population is not in HW equilibrium what is happening? 41. A SHARK and a dolphin are organisms that come from a different evolutionary branch, yet live in a similar environment, yet look similar – this is an example of? 42. What is artificial selection? Divergent evo/adaptative radiation – process by which a single species or small group of species evolves over a relatively short period of time into different forms that live in different ways Evolution Convergent evolution Selective breeding, choosing organisms with desired traits to breed Chapter 19 questions: Where are fossils found and what can we learn by examining the fossil record? Remains of bone, teeth, etc found in sedimentary rock, shows that most organisms that ever lived on Earth are now extinct… not a complete record What are the 2 main categories of MACROEVOLUTION? Speciation and extinction How have mass extinctions benefited surviving species? Opportunity to occupy new niches or habitats What must occur for a clade to survive? Rate of speciation must be greater than or equal to the rate of extinction Define and explain the theory of endosymbiosis. Theory that large prokaryotic cells engulfed (ate) smaller prokaryotic cells. These cells have a mutually beneficial relationship and over time, could not survive without one another (symbiosis). Engulfed prokaryotes eventually gave rise to modern mitochondria and chloroplasts What evidence is there to support this theory? Replicate independently of the cell and reproduce by BINARY FISSION Have DNA and ribosomes similar to prokaryotes Double membrane organelles