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Download Lecture 2-Evidence for Evolution
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Evidence for Evolution Regents Biology KEY CONCEPT • New life forms evolved from early life forms. • Are there evidence to show common ancestry among species? • Yes…. Evidence from many sources? Regents Biology Evidence supporting evolution Fossil Evidence shows change over time Anatomical Evidence comparing body structures homology & vestigial structures embryology & development Molecular Evidence comparing protein & DNA sequences Artificial selection human caused evolution Regents Biology 1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils new layers cover older ones creates a record over time Regents Biology Fossils tell a story… the Earth is old Life is old Life on Earth has changed Fossils show complex life forms have evolved from simpler life forms Regents Biology Eg. Evolution of birds Today’s birds descended from ancestral birds Fossil of Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds Extinct Fossils resemble modern animals. This shows a common ancestry. Regents Biology 2. Anatomical records Animals with different structures on the surface But when you look under the skin… It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors Regents Biology Compare the bones The same bones under the skin limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones How could these very different animals have the same bones? Regents Biology Homologous structures Structures that come from the same origin homo- = same -logous = information Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats Regents Biology same structure on the inside same development in embryo different functions on the outside Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor. But don’t be fooled by these… Analogous structures look similar on the outside same function different structure & development on the inside different origin no evolutionary relationship Solving a similar problem with a similar solution Regents Biology Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate both adapted to life in the sea not closely related Watch the tail! Regents Biology Convergent evolution 3 groups with wings Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor? They just came up with the NO! same answer! Regents Biology Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems” Vestigial organs Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures? Because they used to walk on land! Regents Biology Comparative embryology Similar embryos suggest common ancestry among animals All vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development Regents Biology 4. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure everyone uses the same genetic code! DNA Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey 8 32 45 67 125 compare common genes compare common proteins number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Regents Biology Building “family” trees Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor Regents Biology 5. Artificial selection How do we know natural selection can change a population? we can recreate a similar process “evolution by human selection” “descendants” of wild mustard Regents Biology Selective Breeding Humans create the change over time Regents Biology “descendants” of the wolf Artificial Selection …and the examples keep coming! I liked breeding pigeons! Regents Biology Artificial Selection gone bad! Unexpected consequences of artificial selection Pesticide resistance Antibiotic resistance Regents Biology Now the biggest Q Regents Biology Evolution or Creation ????? Some - believe in Evolution Some others - believe in creation Regents Biology The Monkey Trial In 1925, the Tennessee legislature passed the BUTLER LAW. Forbade the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in any public school or university. inTennessee, USA. Penalties to teachers 100 dollars. Regents Biology Kelly Segraves v. California State trial in 1981. Kelly Segraves, parent of three schoolchildren, sued the State of California, for teaching of evolutionary biology in public schools. He argued that it violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the US Constitution by teaching evolution. The judge found that California's anti-dogmatism policy gave sufficient accommodation to the views of Segraves. Regents Biology Any Questions?? Regents Biology