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Chapter Nine Notes Ancient Greece The Geography of Greece Lesson 1 • Located on southern tip of Balkan Peninsula • Surrounded by Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Ionian Sea • Being close to seas helped Greeks become great traders and sailors. The Geography of Greece Lesson 1 • Physical features include mountains, long coastline, deep valleys, and rugged highlands • Mountains divided the people • Greece=small, independent communities • Trade=way to interact with other people and cultures Early Greek Civilizations Lesson 1 • People of Crete developed written language • Minoans=first people to settle on the Aegean Sea • Wealth came from trade • Earthquakes may have destroyed the Minoan cities Early Greek Civilizations Lesson 1 • Mycenae=greatest early city-state • Replaced Crete as center of eastern Mediterranean civilization • Very powerful with twenty-foot thick walls surrounding the city. Greek Myths and Legends Lesson 2 • Trojan War-fought between Greeks and people of Troy • Story is mix of legend and myth • Legend=about heroes and their great deeds • Myth=stories that include gods and goddesses and try to explain events in nature The Gods of Mount Olympus Lesson 2 • Greeks believed that gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus and behaved much like humans. • Gods were immortal=able to live forever • Olympic Games-held every four years to honor Zeus, the king of the gods Democracy in Greece Lesson 2 • Aristocracy=rule by a few wealthy people • Democracy=government by the people • Limited only to citizens (all men born in Athens) Athens and Sparta Lesson 2 • Athens=citizens had major responsibilities Served on juries, participated in debates • Sparta=lived in a strictly ruled military state Life centered on the army Forced people to become helots (slaves) The Golden Age of Athens Lesson 3 • Battle of Salamis • Athenian ships destroyed the Persian fleet • Athens and Sparta worked together • Golden Age • Greeks excelled at the arts, architecture, philosophy, and medicine • Athens=most powerful city-state The Golden Age of Athens Lesson 3 • Delian League • Alliance of Greek city-states formed by Athens • Sparta • Leader of city-states opposed to Athens • Destroyed homes and farms around Athens Alexander the Great Lesson 4 • Alexander=creative military mind, courageous, and confident • Rose to power in the Greek empire • Defeated the Persian Empire • Conquered Syria and Phoenicia • Became pharaoh of Egypt • Created a vast empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa The Hellenistic Age Lesson 4 • Blend of Greek and Asian cultures • New civilization developed • Alexandria=greatest center of trade and learning • Hellenistic culture • Founding of new Greek cities • International trade • Young people reading works of Greek writers Discovery and Invention Lesson 4 • Discoveries: • Hippocrates=understanding of how the human body works • Archimedes=how levers worked • Pythagoras=theories about numbers and music • Euclid=system of plane geometry