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■Essential Question: –Who was Muhammad & how did Islam unite the Arab people? ■Warm-Up Question/Activity: –KWL –Islam Overview of Islam ■ Around 600 AD, a new monotheistic religion began called Islam: –The faith was founded by the prophet Muhammad –His followers, called Muslims, spread Islam throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, & Europe By 750 AD, Muslim leaders built an empire Muslim scholars focused on learning & developed numerous cultural achievements that are still used today The Islamic Empire connected diverse people through religion & trade Overview of Islam Today, Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion with more than 1 billion followers throughout the world What was Arabia like before Muhammad? Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam The Arabian Peninsula is a desert region with little fertile soil or farming Most Arabs lived in desert tribes which were centered around families & were ruled by clans Arabia was not united under a single gov’t, but Arabs did have a common language (Arabic) Most Arabs were polytheistic But, Arabia was the intersection of 3 continents Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam (Africa, Asia, & Europe) so it was an important region for trade & had lots of cultural diffusion One of the wealthiest trade cities in Arabia was Mecca Mecca was also a religious city; The Ka’aba was a cube that held statues of hundreds of gods Arabs made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the Ka’aba Who was Muhammad? The Early Life of Muhammad ■ Muhammad’s early life: –He was born in Mecca in 570 into a poor clan, was orphaned at a young age, & was raised by his grandparents –As an adult, Muhammad became an honest & successful merchant –He married a wealthy widow & started a family What happened to Muhammad in 610? Mohammad & Islam ■ Muhammad created Islam: –Muhammad’s work brought him into contact with Jewish & Christian merchants –In 610, Muhammad was told by the angel Gabriel that he was a prophet sent to Earth by God –He began preaching a new monotheistic faith called Islam (“surrender to God”) What is the basic concept of Islam? Islam ■ Basic beliefs of Islam: The teachings of –Followers of Islam Mohammed were are called Muslims written down in the who believe in one Qur'an (Koran), the God, called Allah holy book of Islam –Allah is the same God worshiped by Jews & Christians –Muslims believe Muhammad was the last of God’s prophets How did some people respond to Muhammad’s new religion? The Hijrah ■ Reactions to Islam: –By 613, Muhammad began preaching his new ideas in Mecca –Some people were attracted to Islam –But, many people feared Muhammad’s growing popularity & that Mecca would lose its status as a holy city How did Muhammad react to violence by non-Muslims in Mecca? Islam Grows in Medina ■ After years of attacks, Muhammad & his followers fled to Medina –This migration was known as the Hijrah –In Medina, Muhammad gained new converts who put Islam above their families & clans –He taught respect for Christians & Jews (“People of the Book”) What did Muhammad do after he gained converts & returned to Mecca? Islam ■ In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 troops & conquered the city –He destroyed the god statues in the Ka’aba, leaving only the statue for Allah –This time, the people in Mecca converted to Islam –In 632, Muhammad died What happened to Islam after Muhammad’s death? The Islamic Empire ■ After Muhammad, Islamic leaders created an empire: –The Islamic Empire had well-trained troops that conquered nearby regions –The massive empire led to great wealth for Muslims & new opportunities to spread Islam Closure Activity ■Compare the roles of Moses, Jesus, & Muhammad in the development of the 3 major monotheistic religions Moses Jesus Muhammad Lecture Part 2 The teachings of Isalm ■Essential Question: –What are the major teachings of Islam? ■Warm-Up Question: –? The Teachings of Islam ■ Directions: – Read each section from the packet about 1 aspect of Islam – After reading the section, answer the 3 questions & create an illustration in the star – Be prepared to discuss your answers The Teachings of Islam The First Pillar: Shahadah “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God” The Second Pillar: Salat The Third Pillar: Zakat The Fourth Pillar: Siyam The Fifth Pillar: Hajj Jihad Shari’ah Hadith=Teachi ngs/Practices of Muhammad Qur’an=Holy Book Sharia= Islamic Law Closure Activity: Review Quiz Closure Activity: Review Quiz Closure Activity: Review Quiz Lecture Part 3 The Islamic Empire ■Essential Question: –What was the impact of the Islamic Empire under the Abbasids & Umayyads? Overview of Islam ■ Around 600 AD, a new monotheistic religion began called Islam: –Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the Arabian city of Mecca –After the Hegira to Medina, Muhammad gained converts & returned to Mecca Overview of Islam ■ Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam: –Faith: belief in one god, Allah & the prophet Muhammad –Prayer: 5 times per day towards Mecca –Alms: 2.5% to charity –Fasting: During the month of Ramadan –Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca Class Discussion: Who will take over after Muhammad dies? Islam After Muhammad ■ When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a caliph (“successor”) ■ The first 4 caliphs all knew Muhammad & promised to stay true to the Qur'an & Muhammad & the Muhammad’s message Rightly Guided Caliphs The Rightly Guided Caliphs ■ The first caliph was Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, Abu Bakr: –His goal was to keep Muslims united under his gov’t (“caliphate”) –His used jihad to control & expand the Muslim empire The Rightly Guided Caliphs ■ The empire expanded under the next caliphs During the Rightly Guided Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded “Dar-al-Islam” (the areas where Islam is practiced) The caliphs used the Shari'ah (laws of Islam) to govern the empire The caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially “People of the Book” & allowed religious tolerance as long as taxes were paid to the empire The Umayyad Empire ■ After Ali’s death in 661 led to a civil war for control of the empire: –The clan that came to power started the Umayyad Empire –But the rise of the Umayyads led to a division in Islam The Sunni-Shi’a Split Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family ■ Shi’a Muslims ■ Sunni Muslims rejected the accepted the rule of Umayyads the Umayyads ■ The Shi’a believe ■ The Sunni believe that caliph must caliphs should follow come directly from Muhammad’s Muhammad’s example, but don’t bloodline have to be relatives The Umayyad Empire The Umayyads expanded the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts In 750, the Umayyad Empire was overthrown by the Abbasids Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire grew to its greatest extent The Abbasid Empire ■ The Abbasid Empire (750 to 1258): –The Abbasid caliphate built a strong gov’t bureaucracy to rule their empire –Muslim merchants expanded wealth by trading across Africa, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea The Abbasid Empire Wealth from trade led to a golden age, a time of great Muslim achievements in science, math, medicine, & architecture Lecture part 4 Islamic Achievements and Trade Patterns. ■Essential Question: –What were the important contributions of Muslim scholars during the Islamic Empire? ■Warm-Up Question: –What are the Five Pillars of Islam? –What is a “caliph”? –Why did the division between the Sunni and Shi’a Muslims occur? Islamic Achievements Muslims during the Islamic Empire developed innovations that are still used today because: – The Islamic world was rich, diverse and creative. Greeks, Chinese, Hindus, Arabs, Persians, Turks and others all contributed. –Muslims helped spread ideas as well as goods along their trade routes that connected Asia, Europe and Africa. –Scholars read about and preserved Greek and Roman ideas. The Islamic Empire at its height: City Building and Architecture ■ Many large cities developed in Muslim lands that inspired new kinds of architecture. ■ The City of Baghdad – the Abbasids’ capital city was one of the most glorious in the world. It took 100,000 architects and workers four years to build the capital. They built palaces, mosques, shops & markets. ■ Mosques – an important type of building was the mosque, the Muslim house of worship. Mosques usually had towers, courtyards, prayer rooms. The designs reflected the great diversity of the empire. Scholarship and Learning ■ The common use of the Arabic language helped promote learning. ■ Scholars from around the world came together in Baghdad to do research and translate texts from Greece, Persia, India and China. ■ Ibn Sina, a Persian, became Islam’s most famous philosopher. He used logic, like the Greeks, and his writings were widely translated. Science and Technology ■ Muslim scholars made great advances in astronomy. ■ For examples, compasses & astrolabes (an instrument that uses position of objects in the sky to find one’s location) could be used to locate the direction of Mecca. ■ Muslims restored old irrigation systems, built dams and aqueducts and used waterwheels to help the water supply. Geography and Navigation ■ Muslim scholars examined plants and animals in different regions and divided the world into climate zones. ■ They created extremely accurate maps that include trade routes and information about lands under Muslim rule. ■ Travelers, like Ibn Battuta, recorded information about their journeys all over the Muslim lands and beyond. Mathematics ■ Muslims based their work in math in part on ideas from India and classical Greece. ■ One scholar, Al-Khwarizmi, is called the “father of algebra” which is used to solve problems with unknown numbers. ■ Algebra helped popularize Arabic numerals in Europe and spread the concept of zero. In fact, the word zero comes from an Arabic word meaning “something empty”. Medicine ■ Muslims established the world’s first hospitals and based their knowledge on the works of ancient Greece, Mesopotamia and Egypt. ■ Doctors treated ailments through drugs, diet and exercise. They also performed operations and used stitches after surgeries. ■ The Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina was also a great doctor who wrote a famous book that discussed the treatment of diseases. Bookmaking and Literature ■ Muslims learned how to make paper from the Chinese and began making lots of books. Baghdad had over 100 bookshops. ■ Arab and Persian stories, poetry and prose were collected into books. A famous example is A Thousand and One Arabian Nights . ■ In this book, a wife tells her husband a new tale each night, including Aladdin and the magic lamp, Ali Baba and Sinbad the Sailor, that are still known today. Art and Music ■ Muslims developed a type of art known as arabesque, that used ornate drawings and geometric patterns to decorate objects and books. ■ Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting, was considered to be the best art form of the day. ■ Textiles and music were two other influential ways that Muslim art developed during the period. Recreation ■ Fun was also a part of the Islamic culture and two favorite pastimes were: –Polo – Borrowed from the Persians, polo is a sport in which teams on horseback use mallets (wooden sticks) to strike a ball through a goal. –Chess – Was probably invented in India and borrowed from the Persians, but this game of skill was spread across Muslim lands and introduced into Europe. Discussion Questions ■ Why do you think scholars call the era of the Abbasid's rule of the Islamic Empire a “golden age”? ■ Which Islamic achievement do you think is most important? Rank order the achievements from 1-9 Key Ideas of the Islamic Empire Key Ideas of the Islamic Empire Key Ideas of the Islamic Empire Trade in the Islamic Empire Activity ■Essential Question: –How did trade routes impact the Islamic world? Trade in the Islamic Empire Activity #1: On your map, outline the Islamic Empire #2: Draw and label the Silk Road On the route, identify 3 products that spread through the Muslim world along the Silk Road Chinese silk, Persian carpets, Chinese paper, spices, ivory, gold, jade, horses, tea, perfumes, slaves #3: Draw and label the Indian Ocean Trade On the route, identify 3 trade products Silk, spices, ivory, incense, herbs, opium, gold, iron #4: Draw and label the Trans-Saharan Trade On the route, identify 3 trade products Gold, salt, camels, horses, slaves What role did trade play in the Islamic Empire? ■Trade played an important role in the Islamic Empire: –The Muslim world was connected to a series of important trade networks in Africa, Asia, & the Indian Ocean –Trade routes increased cultural diffusion –In addition to spreading Islam, Muslims borrowed & spread Indian, GrecoRoman, Persian, & Chinese achievements The Travels of Ibn Battuta ■Examine the reading on Ibn Battuta & complete the activity (banner reading Comparing the Islamic & Roman Empires Roman Empire Islamic Empire What was the main religion? Who ruled the empire? Name 3 cultural achievements Who did they borrow ideas from?