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Transcript
Ancient Greece The tall flat hill is called the Acropolis and is located in Athens. In ancient Greece the Acropolis was used for defence and worship. The building on top is a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, it is called the Parthenon. Over the centuries the structure was used as a temple, cathedral, mosque, government headquarters and even a munitions warehouse. The original structure of the Parthenon stayed intact for around 2,000 years, until as a storehouse for gunpowder, it was blown up by a stray cannonball during a war in 1687. Most of the damage has been caused by humans (e.g. stray cannonballs, pollution from cars). Most of the damage was done in 1687. The Parthenon is undergoing a major restoration. The restoration team spends hours repairing fractured stones by incorporating new and ancient marble pieces. Lots of public and academic debates on the extent to which the ruins should be restored. The Parthenon: Temple to Athena The Parthenon was a place where the people of Athens would pray to Athena. http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/109images/greek_archaic_classical/parthenon/parthenon.jpg Peoples of Ancient Greece Minoans Created the first settlement in Europe. Lived on the island of Crete between 19501400 BCE. These people were sea traders (sea merchants). Mycenaeans Appeared in the 14th century BCE (1400 BC) and quickly took over the mainland of Greece. These people used bronze tools and weapons. Their civilization ended around 1100 BCE. Dorians A war-like group which came from Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) in 1100 BCE. The Dorians used iron tools and weapons. They took much of Greece by force and enslaved much of the population. Two of their major cities were Sparta and Corinth. Hellenes This group eventually replaced the Dorians and spread throughout Greece. The Hellenes are the ancestors of modern Greeks. Very advanced society created and mastered the use of tools. The Environment of Greece Very mountainous Greece is made up of the main land as well as almost 2000 islands. Hot, dry summers; mild wet winters The soil is dry and rocky (difficult to farm). Athens had to import wheat. Agriculture and food sources Ate fish, seafood (access to sea) 2 staple crops: Olives and Grapes (grow well in rocky, dry soil) Ate goats and Sheep (milk, cheese) Athens exported* wine, oil, and pottery (*To sell goods to foreign countries). Many Greeks had small farms. They also grew fruits, vegetables and grains (i.e. figs, pomegranates, onions, cabbage, sesame seeds etc.). Most farms produced enough food for one family. Some farmers sold & traded their surplus for money or for other products. Wealthy farmers shipped their products to other parts of Greece or Persia and Asia Minor (Turkey). The ancient Greeks and the Sea What did the ancient Greeks use the seas for? 1. Transportation 2. Trade 3. Protection and Military 4. Food 5. Expansion and Spread culture The Pnyx It was located in Athens. It is one of the most significant sites in the world. It is where the Athenians came to voice their opinions on political issues. It was a popular meeting place. Many people would come to watch their fellow citizens speak. It is the meeting place of the world's first ever democratic legislature, the Athenian ekklesia (assembly), and the flat stone platform is the bema, the "stepping stone" or speakers' platform. City States in Ancient Greece State usually means country. It was made up of small city states or Polis. Most city states were separated by mountains or by the sea. This made communication difficult among cities. As a result, the Greek cities developed autonomously (independently). Each Polis governed (managed) itself. Every citizen had a say in government. This is called democracy. There was constant fighting between cities over land, wealth, and power. Cities had many things in common: language, religion, military techniques, and the Olympics. Some of the most famous city states are Athens, Sparta, Troy, and Corinth. Types of Government Monarchy One person is in charge. This person is usually called a Despot (king/queen). Power is passed down from parents to children, usually father to son. Oligarchy A small group of people called aristocrats are in charge. Aristocrats usually have a common ancestry and are very wealthy. In ancient Greece it was very difficult, almost impossible to become an aristocrat, if you were born into another class. Dictatorship (tyranny) Like the monarchy, one person is in charge. This person is called a Dictator or Tyrant. The Dictator usually takes power illegally. His/her rule is above all laws, people have limited rights. Democracy One person in charge, but elected by all citizens. Elected leader rules in the name of all people. Citizens take part in the political process by voting, protesting and debating issues. ATHENS How did Democracy Arise in Athens? Athens Social Groups Around 432 BC, the Athenian city-states had approximately 300 000 inhabitants. They were split into 4 social groups. The four (4) SOCIAL GROUPS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Citizens (45 000) The wives and citizens of citizens (105 000) Metics (40 000) Slaves (110 000) 1. The Citizens A) Who they were: Men They were free. They were over 20 years of age. They were born from a citizen father and mother. Most of them were peasants. Some were very rich, but others were poor. B) Their Rights To own land To rule the city C) Their Responsibilities To have their sons educated To do military service To participate in political life 3. THE METICS A) Who they were They were free. They were Greeks who came from other cities, or non-Greeks. They could not own land. They had to have Athenian sponsor (A person who agrees to take responsibility for another). Most metics were merchants or artisans; others were very rich. B) Their Rights To make profits and accumulate riches C) Their Responsibilities To pay CITY TAXES To serve in the army To participate in religious celebrations 4. The Slaves A) Who they were They were usually foreigners. Some slaves were prisoners of war. Other slaves were captured and sold by pirates. Greeks thought of them as GOODS or OBJECTS. Children of slaves automatically became slaves. B) Their Rights None C) Their Responsibilities To work and obey their master Athenian Families and Education The Sons of Citizens: An educator taught them reading, writing, music and arithmetic, wrestling and gymnastics (8 to 14 yrs old). They learned the art of reasoning, of delivering speeches, of arguing and of convincing ( 15 to 17 yrs old). They completed military service by 20. At 20, they became citizens; took part in public affairs. Wives and daughters of citizens They were responsible for: 1. Educating children (citizenship) 2. Managing servants 3. Running the home (ordered slaves to do household chores etc.) They rarely left the gynaecium – an apartment reserved for women in Greek homes. Girls learned to weave, to accomplish household tasks and to educate younger children. Origins of Democracy in Athens By the 6th century BCE, a man assumed power by force, with the support of an army (tyranny). An Athenian named Solon was asked to reform (change) the political system. He proposed laws ensured equal justice for all and to manage the crisis the city was facing. In 507 BCE, a politician named Cleisthenes put an end to tyranny. Using Solons laws, he introduced democracy – a political system in which the power belonged to the people. The Influence of philosophers The Ancient Greeks believed the Gods influenced everything and controlled the working of the universe. In the 6th century BCE, the Greeks from Asia Minor began to question this belief. They based their knowledge on logic and reasoning. These thinkers were called “philosophers” (literally, “who loved wisdom”). Greek philosophers were interested in everything: Astronomy, geography, natural sciences, and mathematics. Their influence spread throughout Athens. Athenian philosophers had a major influence on all Athenians and encouraged them to use their intelligence. Direct Democracy in Athens The ancient Athenians were the first to establish a system of direct democracy in the 6th century BCE. Direct democracy means that every citizen* could participate in government. To participate in politics one had to be a citizen (male, 20+, completed military training and have two Athenian parents). Who could vote in Ancient Athens? Athenian Citizens (men) Athenian women and children Foreigners Slaves 10% 90% Could Vote Could Not Vote Athenian Democratic Institutions 1. EKKLESIA (Assembly of 6 000 citizens): Its role: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Write constitution Raise taxes Vote laws Vote public expenses Vote wars, Sign peace treaties etc. 2. BOULE (Council of 500 citizens, 30+): They proposed laws to the assembly. They managed the city’s day-to-day business. Term of office: 1 year, renewable once 3. Heliaia (6 000 citizens, 30+): They made up the popular court and judged on Athens judical affairs. 4. Strategists (10 citizens): Its Role: 1. They ensured that the laws adopted by the Ekklesia (assembly) were applied. 2. They commanded the army. 5. Archons (10 citizens): Its Role: 1. They oversaw or were in charge of the court. 2. They organized religious celebrations. The Agora in ancient Athens: The Athenian agora was used as a public meeting place for Athenian citizens. This is also the place where merchants set up their shops. Ancient Greek houses: Usually 1 floor It had a courtyard. It had few windows (hot climate). Its walls were painted white, to keep it cool. Public spaces: They were reserved for men. The men did most of the shopping. Wealthy women could leave the home if accompanied by a male servant. Life in Sparta Sparta was governed by an oligarchy. There was NO voting in Sparta. 2 Kings: They were appointed for life. They controlled the army. 5 Ephors (overseers): They ran everyday operations, made laws, and wrote the constitution. They were elected annually. Assembly: It was comprised of 28 nobles appointed for life. They advised the kings. Messenians Enslaved by Spartans Around 700 BC, Sparta conquered a group of people living near them, in Messenia. The Spartans enslaved the Messenians, whom they called "helots" (HEEL-otts). The slaves were forced to farm the land. Spartans treated the helots badly, often beating/whipping/killing them for no reason, and not giving them enough food. Spartan men spent all their time training for war. When little Spartan boys turned seven, they left home to live in dormitories with all the other Spartan boys their age. They spent years learning to be good soldiers. They exercised/learned to use swords and spears. Teachers never gave them enough food, clothing or blankets (made them tough). Spartan girls lived at home with their parents, but they also learned to be tough, with plenty of exercise. The girls also learned to run houses/spin and weave.