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Name: Biology CP Date: Period: CH 3.2 Carbon Compounds: Organic Macromolecules I. Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio _____________________ Functions: major source of ________________ Some are also used for ___________________ ___________________ A. Monosacharide: “single sugar” building blocks Ex. glucose, fructose and galactose: these are isomers Isomer: Glucose B. Fructose Disaccharides: _______ simples sugars joined together by the dehydration synthesis Ex. sucrose= (glucose- fructose), maltose= (glucose- glucose), Lactose= (glucose- galactose) -sucrose is ________________ _________________ -lactose is _________________ _________________ C. Polysaccharides: “many sugars”, long branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as _________________________ _______________________ of energy ex. Starch: storage in glucose in _________________ Glycogen: storage of glucose in ___________________ Cellulose: __________________ ___________________ in plants (wood) Name: Biology CP D. Date: Why are carbohydrates important? Because they contain LARGE amounts of ENERGY! This energy can be released by a process called __________________________________________ E. What is dehydration synthesis? F. Hydrolysis is _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ II. Lipid: ______________ molecules made of mostly C and H, with some O. Functions: Long – term storage of ______________ ___________________ molecule in cell membranes Waterproof covering on _____________ Chemical messengers – steroids There are three common types of lipids: fats, oils and waxes. A. Monomers: _________________ and ________________ ____________ B. Glycerol Structure: Period: Name: Biology CP Date: Period: C. Fatty acids: long ____________________ carbon chains, with a ________________________ group at one end. a. Saturated Fatty Acid: contains only ____________ bonds between carbon atoms. ______________ at room temperature, for example _____________________. b. Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains at least one ____________________ bond between carbon atoms. ____________________ at room temperature, for example __________________. c. _______________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms. d. Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, and results in bad trans-fats. A _________________________________________ reaction links the fatty acids to glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride). Name: Biology CP D. Date: Cholesterol: a. Essential compound in making animal _________________ Period: _____________________________, ___________________________________, and _________________________________. b. Can build-up in arteries and cause __________________ __________________ and strokes III. Nucleic Acids : composed of a chain of _______________________. Made up of ____________________. A. Nucleotide: has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Label the structure below Name: Biology CP Date: Period: a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases 1. ____________________________ 2. ____________________________ 3. ____________________________ 4. ____________________________ B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make ____________________________. a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: i. A and ______ ii. G and ______ C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single strand molecule, used in making proteins. a. Uses the nitrogenous base, __________________ instead of Thymine IV. Proteins: Composed of _________________________, which are made up of C, H, O, N, and S atoms. A. Amino acids: 1. There are _____ different amino acids that make up most proteins. 2. Draw the basic structure of an amino acid: 3. Amino acids are linked through dehydration synthesis by _______________________ to form _______________________________. 4. Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged. This affects the _______________ of protein. Name: Biology CP Date: B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ C. The ___________________of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as: 1._______________________ 2._______________________ D. Functions: there are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles. 1. Provide________________ ________________ and _______________________ in cells. Example: Keratin and Collagen. 2. Control the __________ of ________________ reactions: enzymes 3. Carry and transport substances in and out of ____________________. Example: hemoglobin 4. Fight against _____________________. Antibodies Period: