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Induction Motor Vector Control. Group F Group Members and Responsibilities ● Justin Barwick (EE) ○ Control System (Design) ○ Control System Implementation (Secondary) ● Chris Guido (CpE) ○ Control System (Implementation) ○ User Interface ● Merritt Robbins (EE) ○ Power System (High Voltage) ● Will Santos (EE) ○ Power System (Low Voltage) Motivation Electric motors are an already enormous, ever - expanding industry ~45% of the world’s electricity (Waide, 2011) [1] AC induction motors offer performance benefits vs DC motors Efficiency Reliability Simplicity Electric transportation systems Tesla Motors Variable - speed industrial applications Machine tools HVAC Goals / Objectives Implement Field Oriented Control (FOC) Design high voltage power system (325V DC bus) Low voltage DC bus regulation 15V, 8.5, 4V, 3.6V, 3.3V Implement two embedded processors Divide computation to improve performance High voltage Isolated Measurements Phase voltage, current Temperature Overall Block Diagram Design Approach Mathematical Modeling Numerical Calculation Schematic Capture KiCad EDA suite Power System Separate high voltage and low voltage boards High efficiency focus General Design Decisions Motor Selection Reliance Electric ½ HP, 230V/460V fan cooled Power Output Specification Don’t trip the breaker Subsystem Block Diagrams Space Vector Modulation Represent three-phase currents in a rotating reference frame Alpha-beta-zero transform Direct-quadrature-zero transform d-axis control rotor flux linkage q-axis control motor torque Machine Equation Used to recover voltage values in alpha-beta-zero domain Allows for mapping along inverter states Calculation of rotor speed Inverter State Mapping Inverter State Phase C Activity Phase B Activity Phase A Activity 000 Inactive Inactive Inactive 001 Inactive Inactive Active 010 Inactive Active Inactive 011 Inactive Active Active 100 Active Inactive Inactive 101 Active Inactive Active 110 Active Active Inactive 111 Active Active Active PWM Generation Zero-sequence transition pulses Projection time durations PWM Generation I/O Peripheral Algorithm Algorithm for gathering inputs from sensors Data will only be read in if the sensor data Display Algorithm Algorithm driving the LCD display Updating on a constant basis Two view modes Just determines which parameters will be displayed on LCD PWM Algorithm Software implementation of Pulse Width Modulation generation Synchronous Rectifier Gate Driver Part Number IR1167 Emulated ideal diode with a MOSFET Manufacturer International Rectifier Senses V_DS and drives gate accordingly Input Voltage 12 ~20V T_on / T_off 40ns / 60ns Easy package to work with Trimmable turn off threshold Maximum Drain Sense Voltage 200V Package 8 - SOIC (Standard) Cost $2.70 (1 qty) Synchronous Rectifier Switches (MOSFET) Part Number TK62N60X Low cost for 400V rating Manufacturer Vishay / SIliconix 0.3 Ohms * 0.4A^2 = 0.048W Rated V_DS 400V Rated I_D 10A Common Package 10V Gate charge R_DS (ON) 300 mOhm Package TO-247 Cost $2.70 (1 qty) DC Link Capacitor Part Number C4DEFPQ6380A8TK Film Capacitor Manufacturer Kemet Small Size Rated Voltage 400V Capacitance (tol.) 380uF (10%) Extremely High Ripple Non polar Package Chassis Mount Cost $89.00 (1 qty) Power Inverter Gate Driver Part Number FAN7190M_F085 Low cost Manufacturer Fairchild Standard package High Side Voltage 650V Minimum Pulse Width 80ns High and low side in one chip Logic level inputs Package 8 - SOIC (Standard) Cost $1.62 (1 qty) Capable of driving around 0.2 - 99.8% duty cycle at 20 kHz switching frequency Power Inverter Switch (IGBT) Part Number FGA5065ADF Small package Manufacturer Fairchild Extremely high current rating Ratec V_C 650V Cont. I_C 50A (100A pulses) Package TO - 3PN Cost $4.79 (1 qty) Low losses Current Transformer Part Number CR8348-2000-F High turns ratio for low power sensing Manufacturer CR Magnetics Inc. Frequency Range 20Hz ~ 200kHz Self isolates eliminating the need for isolation amplifiers Current Rating 50A Decently sized package Turns Ratio 1:2000 Perfect frequency range for our application Package 24x11mm Thru-Hole Cost $7.05 (1 qty) Rotary Encoder Part Number HEDR-55L2-BY09 Very high resolution Manufacturer Broadcom / Avago Cycles per Revolution 3600 Three channels indicate position, direction of rotation, and when each full revolution is completed. Channels 3 (A,B,I) Tolerant of high temperatures (100C) Package Shaft Mounted (8mm) Cost $51.00 (1 qty) General Purpose Op-Amp Part Number OPA2170 Dual Op-Amp, single supply package Manufacturer Texas Instruments Low Cost Input Voltage +/- 1.35V ~ 18V (2.7 ~ 36V) High Current per channel GbP 1.2MHz Low input current Bias Current (max) 15pA Small but relatively easily soldered package Input Offset Voltage (max) +/- 1.8mV Package 8 - VSSOP Measurement Op_Amp Part Number MAX4238ASA+ Extremely low input bias and offset Manufacturer Maxim Ideal for motor voltage sensing Input Voltage 2.7V ~ 5.5V GbP 1MHz Bias Current (max) 1pA Input Offset Voltage (max) 0.1uV Package 8 - SOIC (standard) Cost $1.30 (1 qty) Slightly lower specs in all other areas than OPA2170 Bigger package but worth it for the bias and offset. MSP430 Microcontroller Purpose Collect inputs from sensors Drive LCD Display Selection Criteria Manufacturer Texas Instruments Part Number MSP430F5529IPN I/O Pins 63 Clock Speed 25MHz Main Memory Size 128KB Power Supply 1.8V to 3.6V Price $8.06 Low Cost Low Power Easily programmable Large number of GPIO pins Piccolo Microcontroller Purpose Drives the inverter Manufacturer Texas Instruments Part Number TMS320F28027FPTQ I/O Pins Up to 22 High clock speed Clock Speed 60MHz Enhanced Control Peripherals Main Memory Size 64KB Power Supply 3.3V Price $11.11 Implements PWM algorithm to control the motor Selection Criteria 4 ePWM Channels 7 ADC Channels with 13-bit resolution LCD Display Purpose Display information to user Selection Criteria Large screen real-estate Manufacturer Crystalfontz Part Number CFAX1286U-NFH Power Required 8.5V InstaSPIN-FOC • • • TI Software designed for threephase motor systems Built-in motor parameter identification FAST™ Software Encoder • High flux signal for applications and stable monitoring • High accuracy flux-angle estimation • Mechanical, electrical, and slip speed estimations • Accurate rotor shaft torque signal for monitoring Software Tools controlSUITE™ Set of software infrastructure and tools Provides datasheets, libraries, and other resources for specific devices MotorWare™ Provide additional support for InstaSPIN-FOCTM technologies Modular support for all components (MCU, Power Electronics, Control System and Techniques) Enables object oriented software design Issues Isolation of High voltage - What is safe? Mathematical Complexity Measurement Identification / Accuracy Budget and Financing Carey Family Donation ~ $500.00 Self financed Current Progress Power System Design: 96% Mathematical Modeling Research: 90% Control System Design Low Voltage Regulation Regulator Design Considerations Efficiency/Power Dissipation Application (Switching Regulation or Linear Regulation) Switching Regulator Selection: Texas Instruments TPS54560 Linear Technology LTC 3649 Linear Voltage Regulation Linear Technology LT3008 Full Wave Schottky Bridge Rectifier Purpose Provides the main DC bus for the Low Voltage Electronics Design Considerations Diode Type (Schottky) Low Vf Good Conduction Characteristics Smoothing Capacitance NXP Manufacturer DC Forward Current 3A Forward Voltage 540 mV Package SOD-123 Price $0.54 Switching Regulator IC Considerations Losses Switching loss, gate drive loss, and supply current losses are negligible Conduction loss provides largest contribution to total power dissipation Power and Efficiency Characterization Switching Regulator Max Power Dissipation Efficiency Price TPS54560 1.02 W 85%-90% $5.65 LTC3649 1.82 W 85%-90% $12.31 15V Output Switching Regulation TPS54560 Purpose ● Provides the 15V Rails referenced to DC_Link- for the Inverter ● Provides 4V LV DC Rail for other regulator loads Selection Criteria ● Low Power Dissipation ● High Efficiency at normal loads PCB Layout Considerations ● Frequency Dependent Elements ● Catch Diode/Inductor ○ Need to be close to SW pin Manufacturer Texas Instruments Part Number TPS54560 Power Required 20V Switching Frequency 100 kHz-2MHz Output Current (Max) 5A Package HSOP(8) Efficiency 85%-90% Price $5.65 Switching Regulator Catch Diode Selection Purpose Reverse Polarity Protection Selection Criteria Peak Reverse Voltage Conduction Loss Minimal (1.5W at worst) Low Vf Low Reverse Power Dissipation Manufacturer NXP Part Number PMEG4030ER Peak Reverse Voltage 40V Peak Output Current 3A Package SOD-123 Price $0.41 LT3008 Linear Voltage Regulator Purpose Supply the 8.5V, 3.6V, and 3.3V LV DC Rails Design Considerations Set I_adj with R1 Setting R2 determines Vout Low Dropout Manufacturer Linear Technology Dropout Voltage 300mV Quiescent Current 3 microamps Package TSOT-23 Price $1.46 Works Cited [1] Waide, Paul, Brunner, Conrad U., et al.: Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems. International Energy Agency Working Paper, Energy Efficiency Series, Paris 2011