Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The raw materials of biotechnology
Document related concepts
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
THE RAW MATERIALS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY A REVIEW OF CELLS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION CELLS • PROKARYOTIC • EUKARYOTIC • UNICELLULAR • MULTICELLULAR BACTERIA CELL (PROKARYOTIC) www.yourarticlelibrary.com waynesword.palomar.edu PLANT CELL (EUKARYOTIC) ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTIC) IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS—Contains DNA and includes the coding for protein production in the cell • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST—Plant cell organelle responsible for photosynthesis (conversion of light energy into chemical energy) • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION (pl. mitochondria)—Site of cellular respiration; the cellular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy (sugar) into cellular energy (ATP’s) • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM—The gel-like material that fills the cell and supports the organelles; mostly water, it is the site of many chemical reactions within the cell • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME—An organelle containing digestive enzymes; responsible for breaking down cellular wastes and for apoptosis • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE (aka, plasma membrane)—A semi-permeable membrane that regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL—Gives support and structure to plant, bacteria, and some fungi cells • RIBOSOME IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES • NUCLEUS • CHLOROPLAST • MITOCHONDRION • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • RIBOSOME—The site of protein synthesis in cells CELLULAR PROCESSES—photosynthesis PHOTO = ____________; SYNTHESIS = ___________. PHOTOSYNTHESIS = PUTTING TOGETHER USING LIGHT CELLULAR PROCESSES—PHOTOSYNTHESIS • PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS)—CONVERT ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT INTO CARBON BONDS SUCH AS THOSE FOUND IN GLUCOSE chemicals Plants Algae Cyanobacteria Deep sea bacteria photosynthesis chemosynthesis ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/physics_gcse/Unit_1/Topic_5/topic_5_what_are_the_uses_and_ha.htm PIGMENT ABSORPTION ACROSS THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight Carbon dioxide glucose water Sunlight + 6 CO2 + H2O oxygen C6H12O6 + 6 O2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS • SUNLIGHT ENERGY USED TO FORM C-C BONDS IN THE FORM OF SUGAR (GLUCOSE) • THE SUGARS CAN BE USED OR CAN BE CONVERTED TO CELLULOSE, STARCH, OR OTHER SUBSTANCES CHEMOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration • WHAT IS THE GENERAL EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION? SUGAR waste products + ATP • WHY IS ATP IMPORTANT? ATP = ENERGY FOR EVERY CHEMICAL REACTION IN CELLS AEROBIC = WITH OXYGEN ANAEROBIC = WITHOUT OXYGEN CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration • ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION HAS TWO POSSIBLE SETS OF END PRODUCTS: END PRODUCT SET #1 = ALCOHOL + CARBON DIOXIDE + 2 ATP END PRODUCT SET #2 = LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP • AEROBIC RESPIRATION REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL REACTANT BESIDES SUGAR AND YIELDS THREE DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration Our cells are capable of doing both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which type do they “prefer” to do and why???
