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753 BC Rome Timelines of Ancient Civilizations By: David and Patricia Armentrout AR Level 5.4 AR Points 0.5 commoners. Non-citizens were women, slaves, and people who lived in outside territories. The Founding of Rome No one knows for sure who founded Rome. According to legend Rome was founded in 753 BC by twin brothers, Romulus and Remus. The brothers decided to build a city on the Palatine Hill. The region around the Palatine Hill was made up of mostly Latins and Sabines, two groups of ancient people from central Italy. The Etruscans occupied a large part of the peninsula to the north. Ancient Romans celebrated the founding of Rome on April 21st every year. April 21st is celebrated today as a national holiday in Italy. 753 – 510 BC The Period of Kings Legend states that Romulus and Remus ruled their new city together. Then, the twins had a fight, and Romulus killed Remus. Romulus became the first single ruler of Rome. After Romulus, six kings followed. The last three kings were Etruscans. The Etruscans built a strong military force that conquered many neighboring tribes. Public places, such as the Circus Maximus, were built during the Etruscan rule. The Circus Maximus was an arena where chariot races were held. Etruscans were skilled engineers who had wellplanned cities. Etruscans were also known for their fine bronze art and clay statues. Etruscan artists copied Greek painting styles. 509 BC The Roman Republic The citizens of Rome expelled the last Etruscan king in 510 BC. A new republic government was started in 509 BC. The republic allowed Roman citizens to elect law makers every year. The republic consisted of a Senate and two consuls. The Senate was a group of men who advised the lawmakers. Every year citizens elected two Senate members to become consuls. The consuls had the final say in matters of law and order. Ancient Romans were grouped as citizens and noncitizens. The citizens were wealthy men, business men, and 509 – 264 BC The Romans Conquer Italy The Roman military took charge of expanding Rome’s borders. The Romans fought many battles. They captured Etruscan cities and set up Roman colonies. In 390 BC Rome was invaded by the Gauls. Gaul was an ancient region we know as present day France. The Gauls captured and burned Rome. The Roman army suffered many losses, but the military regained control and eventually conquered all of Italy. Archeologists have found metal armor and weapons in the remains of Roman forts. 264 – 133 BC Rome Becomes a World Power During the Punic Wars (264 – 146 BC), Rome gained control of Carthage and its territories. Carthage was an ancient city in northern Africa. Carthage territories included parts of Spain and northern Africa, and the Mediterranean islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Rome also conquered an ancient territory called Macedonia (146 BC). Macedonia was a southeastern region of Europe that included part of present-day Greece. The Romans adopted Etruscan and Greek building styles. Remains of Roman buildings can be seen in past parts of the empire including England, and Algeria in North Africa. Remains of ancient Roman structures still exist in northern Africa. 133 – 67 BC A Change in Government and Power The foreign wars brought a great deal of wealth to Rome through increased trade and tax. However, there were many unhappy people in Rome. The Roman Senate actually broke into two groups. Gaius Marius led one group, known as the popular party. Marius supported the poor people and tried to give them more land. The other group was the aristocrats, or wealthy land owners. The aristocrats, led by Lucius Sulla, fought to keep things the way they were. Lucius Sulla was a leader of the aristocrats and a Roman Dictator from 82 – 81 BC. The Roman Empire was divided into sections, called provinces. The provinces had their own laws and were run by senators. Each province paid taxes to Rome. 67 – 44 BC Julius Caesar Two Roman generals, Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar, fought for power in Rome. Caesar’s army marched into Rome and defeated Pompey. Caesar became the sole ruler of Rome. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and dictator. Caesar tried to restore Rome by reorganizing the government and changing laws. Caesar also continued to win wars and expand Roman territory. Caesar was made dictator for life, but some citizens did not like the fact that Rome was ruled by one man. Caesar was murdered in 44 BC. Our modern calendar is based on a calendar established by Julius Caesar. Caesar’s calendar had 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap year every four years. 27 BC – AD 14 The Age of Augustus In 27 BC Augustus became the first emperor of Rome. Even though Augustus was a sole ruler, he insisted he was restoring the republic government. Augustus reorganized the Senate and rebuilt the city. Business and trade increased in the city and throughout the empire. Marble temples and basilicas were built during the time. Augustus also built a complex road system that connected many parts of the empire. The Pantheon is the bestpreserved ancient Roman temple. The Roman Empire, at its height, had about 50,000 miles of highways in more than 30 provinces. AD 80 The Coliseum Opens The Coliseum was the greatest Roman amphitheater ever built. Construction began in AD 69 by Emperor Vespasian. Much of the Coliseum still stands, even after damage from several earthquakes. Titus was emperor in AD 80 when the first gladiator battles took place there. Gladiators were often criminals or slaves, although some were volunteers. Gladiators fought each other, usually to the death. Gladiators also fought wild animals. The animals were stored below the wooden floor and were released to the surface by lifts and trapdoors. AD 96 - 180 The Golden Age The Golden Age of the Roman Empire was a time of great expansion and wealth. Trajan and Hadrian were two emperors during Rome’s Golden Age. Trajan (ruled AD 98117) expanded the empire and build impressive roads and aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried water to plumbing systems throughout the empire. Hadrian’s (ruled AD 117 138) army built a stone wall in northern England that was used in military defense. Some sections of Hadrian’s Wall can still be seen today. The Romans build more than 800 public baths. Trajan build a huge imperial bathhouse in Rome that held hundreds of people. AD 180 – 314 The Decline of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire had grown so large that it became very costly to run. Taxes were raised to help cover the costs. In AD 284 emperor Diocletian split the empire in two so it would be easier to manage. He ruled the Eastern Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Maximian ruled the West. Meanwhile, barbarian tribes attacked parts of the empire, and after the two emperors retired civil wars broke out between Roman generals. The empire was in a period of decline. Many languages were spoken in the empire. However, Latin was the official language of the Western Empire, and Greek was the official language of the Eastern Empire. AD 314 – 476 The Fall of the Roman Empire Constantine the Great (ruled AD 306-337) reunited the Eastern and Western empires. He moved the capital from Rome to the Eastern Empire. The new capital, Constantinople, is now the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The empire suffered attacks for years and split again in AD 395. In the early 5th century German and Asian tribes attacked areas of the West. Rome was invaded twice and finally captured in AD 455. In AD 476 German warriors overthrew the last Western emperor. The Roman Empire was formally over in the West. The Byzantine Empire continued until 1453.