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Spanish II—1A-3 Stem-changing verbs review e → ie verbs 1. When conjugating one of these verbs, change the “e” closest to the end of the stem to “ie” in the present tense in all forms but nosotros and vosotros. Use the regular verb endings for that type of verb. 2. empezar a—to begin preferir—to prefer comenzar a—to begin perder—to lose querer– to wish, want pensar—to think entender—to understand o → ue verbs 3. When conjugating these verbs, change the “o” in the stem to “ue” in all forms but nosotros and vosotros. Use the regular verb endings for that type of verb. 4. volver—to return (to a place) devolver—to return (a thing) jugar—to play (a game/sport) poder—to be able, can dormir—to sleep almorzar—to eat lunch costar–to cost e → i verbs 5. Change the “e” closest to the end of the stem to “i” in all forms but nosotros and vosotros. Use the regular verb endings. 6. pedir—to ask for, order (food) servir—to serve repetir—to repeat Spanish II—1A-4 Affirmative and negative words Lista del vocabulario alguien someone,anyone nadie no one,nobody algo something nada nothing algún ningún alguno(s) some, any ninguno(s) no, none, alguna(s) ninguna(s) not any siempre always nunca never también also, too tampoco neither,either Usas de palabras afirmativas y negativas To make a sentence negative, you usually put “no” right before the verb. Sometimes you can also use a negative word after the verb as long as “no” precedes the verb. No estudiamos nunca el sábado por la noche. 3. Alguno and ninguno and their related forms are adjectives and must agree in number and gender with the noun they modify (which usually follows the adjective). 4. When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they shorten to algún and ningún. 5. Conocer means “to know or to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing.” Use the personal “a” after conocer when you say you know a person: ¿Conoces a Juan? conozco conocemos conoces (conocéis) conoce conocen 1. 2. Spanish II—1B-3 Comparative and Superlative Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To form the comparative, use one of these patterns: más + adjectivo + que menos + adjectivo + que Irregular comparative forms: mayor que (older) mejor que (better) menor que (younger) peor que (worse) ** These four forms will never be used with más. To form the superlative, use one of these patterns: def article + noun + más/menos + adj + de el chico más alto de def article + mejor/peor + noun + de el mejor estudiante de To compare people or things that are equal, use tan + adj + como (as + adj + as) tan gracioso como To say “as much. . .as”: tanto,-a + noun + como tanta interés como To say “as many. . .as”: tantos,-as + noun + como tantas carpetas como Note: Tanto must agree in gender and number with the noun that follows it. Spanish II—1B-4 Saber and conocer 1. Saber means to know facts or information. When followed by an infinitive, it means to know how to do what that verb means. 2. Cuántos, cómo, qué, quién, si, or an infinitive after the “to know” verb will usually take saber. 3. Conocer means to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing. It will be followed by “a” when talking about a person. 4. Both verbs are conjugated like regular -er verbs except for the yo form: sé sabemos conozco conocemos sabes (sabéis) conoces (conocéis) sabe saben conoce conocen Spanish II—1B-5 The passing of time To ask how long something has been going on. . . 1. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que + (present tense verb)? How long have you, etc. been . . . Ejemplos: ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que eres miembro del club atlético? (How long have you (fam. sing.) been a member of the athletic club?) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que Uds. practican con el equipo de básquetbol? (How long have you-all Practiced with the basketball team?) 2. Hace + period of time + que + present tense verb I, etc. have been (verb) for (period of time). Ejemplos: Hace más de dos años que soy miembro del club atlético. (I have been a member of the athletic club for more than two years. Hace tres semanas que practicamos con el equipo de básquetbol. (We have been practicing with the basketball team for three weeks.) Spanish II—2A-3 Reflexive verbs 1. 2. You know a verb is reflexive if its infinitive form ends with se: The reflexive pronouns correspond to the subject pronouns: me nos te (os) se se 3. To conjugate a reflexive verb, first put the reflexive pronoun that corresponds to the subject, then the verb conjugated as usual to agree with that same subject. (yo) me seco (nosotros) nos secamos (tú) te secas (vosotros) os secáis (él) se seca (ellos) se secan 4. To make a sentence negative, put “no” before the reflexive pronoun. 5. Some verbs have both reflexive and non-reflexive forms. The non-reflexive form is used if the action is being done to someone or something else. Me seco el pelo. (I dry my hair.) Seco el perro. (I dry the dog.) 6. When you use a reflexive verb with clothing or parts of the body, use the definite article instead of the possessive adjective: Me seco las manos. 7. When a reflexive verb is in the infinitive form in a sentence, the reflexive pronoun is usually attached to the verb. It must agree with the subject. Tengo que secarme. Spanish II—2A-4 Ser and estar • Both ser and estar mean “to be,” but they are used in different situations. They cannot be interchanged. Both are irregular when conjugated. Ser Estar soy somos estoy estamos eres (sois) estás (estáis) es son está están Ser is used for describing relatively permanent traits and situations: • What a person or thing is (occupation) • What a person or thing is like (adjectives) • Where a person or thing is from (origin) • Nationality • What a thing is made of • To whom something belongs • Date • Time Estar is used to talk about • How a person or thing is at the moment (mood) • How someone feels (health) • Where a person or thing is located (even if it is in a permanent location) • Anything else that is relatively temporary Spanish II—2A-5 Possessive adjectives Short Form (review): mi, mis (my) nuestro, nuestra (our) nuestros, nuestras tu, tus (your) (vuestro, -a, -os, -as-your) su, sus su, sus (your-pl, their) (his, her, your sing) These always come in front of the noun they describe. They agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Long form (new information): mío, mía (my) nuestro, nuestra, (our) míos, mías nuestros, nuestras tuyo, -a, -os, -as (vuestro, -a, -os, -as) (your, fam) (your pl familiar) suyo, -a, -os, -as suyo, -a, -os, -as (his, her, your) (their, your pl) These come after the noun they describe. Voy al partido con un amigo mío. They may be used without the noun. ¿Estas chaquetas son suyas? Sí, son nuestras. To clarify or emphasize possession, you can use de + a noun or pronoun instead of a form of suyo. Aquí está un collar suyo.= de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos, de ellas Spanish II—2B-3 Preterite of regular verbs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Use the preterite to express actions that began and ended at a definite time in the past. To form the preterite of regular –ar verbs, drop the –ar from the infinitive and add the following endings: yo -é nosotros -amos tú -aste (vosotros) (-asteis) él -ó ellos -aron All -gar, -car, and-zar verbs are irregular in only the yo form: -gar g→gu llegar llegué -car c→qu tocar toqué -zar z→c empezar empecé The preterite endings for –er and –ir verbs are the same: -í -imos -iste (-isteis) -ió -ieron All –ar and –er verbs that have a stem change in the present tense do not have a stem change in the preterite. Me pruebo (I try on), but Me probé (I tried on) “Ver” has regular preterite endings, but they do not have written accent marks. Spanish II—2B-4 Demonstrative adjectives (review plus new material) 1. 2. 3. You use demonstrative adjectives to point out nouns: this cap, these socks, that shirt, those shoes. Note that this and these refer to things that are close to you as the speaker, and that and those refer to things that are at some distance from you. Like other adjectives, demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns that follow them. 4. this, these that, those (near) that, those Singular este suéter esta falda ese suéter esa falda aquel suéter aquella falda Plural estos suéteres estas faldas esos suéteres esas faldas aquellos suéteres aquellas faldas (far) There are also some adverbs that will give you a clue as to which set of demonstrative adjectives to use in a given sentence: aquí (here)—used with the este group allí (there)—used with the ese group allá (over there)—used with the aquel group Spanish II—2B-5 Using adjectives as nouns • • When you compare two similar things, you can drop the noun and use an article with an adjective to avoid repetition: ¿Cuál prefieres, la sudadera apretada o la floja? Prefiero la floja. You can also do this with expressions that use de: ¿Compraste una chaqueta de lana o una de cuero? ¿Prefieres el abrigo de Paco o el de Juan? Spanish II—3A-3 Direct object pronouns lo, la, los, las 1. A direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb. Devolví el libro. I returned the book. 2. To locate the direct object in a sentence, say the subject and the verb, then ask “whom or what”? S V DO Tú leíste el libro. 3. To avoid repeating a direct object noun, you can replace it with a direct object pronoun: me nos te (os) lo, la los, las 4.Direct object pronouns have the same gender and number as the nouns they replace. They come right before the conjugated verb. Los devolví a la biblioteca. I returned them [the books] to the library.) 5. In a negative sentence, “no” comes right before the direct object pronoun. No los devolví. (I didn’t return them.) 6. When an infinitive follows a verb, the direct object pronoun can be placed either before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive. No lo pude devolver. o No pude devolverlo. Spanish II—3A-4 Ir and ser 1. 2. Ir and ser have the exact same forms in the preterite. The context will clarify the meaning. El cantante fue a vivir en Miami. (The singer went to live in Miami.) Después él fue estudiante en la universidad. (Then he was a student at the university.) fui fuimos fuiste (fuisteis) fue fueron Spanish II—3A-5 Irregular verbs in the preterite 1. 2. The verbs hacer, tener, estar, and poder all follow a similar pattern when conjugated in the preterite tense. They each have an irregular stem as well as their own set of endings. These verbs do not have any accent marks in the preterite. -e -imos -iste (-isteis) -o -ieron The irregular stems: hacer hicestar estuvtener tuvpoder pud- 3. Dar is also irregular in the preterite and similar to the other verbs: di dimos diste (disteis) dio dieron Spanish II—3B-3 Direct object pronouns me, te, nos 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns. The direct object pronouns lo, la, los, and las can refer to both people and objects. The pronouns me, te, nos, and os refer only to people. The direct object indicates who receives the action of the verb. In Spanish, direct object pronouns usually come right before the verb. When an infinitive follows a conjugated verb, the direct object pronouns can be attached to the infinitive. Direct object pronoun chart: me nos te (os) lo, la los, las Spanish II—3B-4 Affirmative tú commands (review) 1. To give someone an affirmative tú command, use the third person singular form of the verb. Elena, ¡maneja con cuidado! 2. Some verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. To form many of these commands, drop the –go of the yo form of the present tense. infinitive yo form command poner pongo pon tener tengo ten decir digo di salir salgo sal venir vengo ven 3. For some verbs, the tú command form must be simply memorized: hacer=haz ser=sé ir=ve 4. If you use a direct object pronoun with an affirmative command, attach the pronoun to the command. When a pronoun is added to a command of two or more syllables, a written accent mark is needed over the stressed vowel. Josefina, ¡hazlo ahora mismo! Martín, ayúdame. Spanish II—3B-5 Present progressive (review) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To form the present progressive, use the present tense of estar plus the present participle (-ing form) of the main verb. The present participle is formed by adding –ando to the stem of –ar verbs and by adding –iendo to the stem of –er and –ir verbs. To say that an action is happening right now, use the present progressive. doblar→doblando Ella está doblando a la derecha. aprender→aprendiendo Estamos aprendiendo a manejar. escribir→escribiendo Ellos están escribiendo una carta. Note that estar, not the main verb, is conjugated to agree with the subject. To form the present participle of –ir stem-changing verbs, the e in the infinitive form Spanish II—4A-3 Regular imperfect 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. You have already learned to talk about completed actions in the past using the preterite tense: Ayer Rafael patinó y Mónica corrió en el parque. Another way to talke about the past is with the imperfect tense. The imperfect is used to talk about actions that happened repeatedly in the past. Rafael patinaba y Mónica corría. (used to skate) (used to run) -ar verb endings: -er & -ir verb endings: -aba -ábamos -ía -íamos -abas (-abais) -ías (-íais) -aba -aban -ía -ían Since the first (yo) and third person (él, ella, Ud.) forms of the imperfect are the same, the subject is often used to avoid confusion. Patricia tenía un triciclo rojo pero yo tenía uno azul. Words often used with the imperfect: generalmente de vez en cuando por lo general todos los días a menudo nunca muchas veces Spanish II—4A-4 Irregular imperfect Only 3 verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense: ir ser iba íbamos era éramos ibas (ibais) eras (erais) iba iban era eran ver veía veíamos veías (veíais) veía veían Spanish II—4A-5 Indirect object pronouns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. An indirect object tells to whom or for whom an action is performed. Indirect object pronouns are used to replace or accompany an indirect object noun. To identify an indirect object in a sentence, say the subject, then the verb, then the direct object (if there is one), then ask “to whom?” or “for whom?” Indirect object pronouns: me (me) nos (us) te (you sing. fam.) os (you pl. fam.) le (them, you sing. form.) les (them, you pl. form.) Like direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns are placed right before the verb or are attached to the infinitive: Siempre le quería comprar dulces a su hija. Siempre quería comprarle dulces a su hija. Because le and les have more than one meaning, you can make the meaning clear by adding a + a name, noun, or pronoun: Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a sus padres. Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a sus amigas. Spanish II—4B-3 The imperfect tense—describing a situation In addition to saying what someone used to do, the imperfect tense is used in these situations: To describe people, places, and situations in the past. La casa de mis abuelos era enorme. Tenía cinco dormitorios. To talk about a past action or situation when no beginning or end is specified. Había mucha gente en la casa para el aniversario de mis abuelos. To describe the situation or background information when something else happened or interrupted the ongoing action. In these cases, the imperfect tense is used to tell what someone was doing when something happened (preterite). Todos mis parientes bailaban cuando llegamos. Spanish II—4B-4 Reciprocal actions You have already learned that “nos vemos” means, “We’ll see each other later.” Sometimes the reflexive pronouns se and nos are used to express the idea “(to) each other.” These are called reciprocal actions. – Los novios se abrazaban y se besaban. The bride and groom were hugging each other and were kissing each other. --Por lo general nos saludábamos con un abrazo. Tambien nos dábamos la mano. --We usually greeted each other with a hug. We also would shake hands. Spanish II—5A-3 Other uses of the imperfect tense The imperfect tense may also be used in these situations: 1. To tell what time it was or what the weather was like when something happened. Eran las cinco de la mañana y llovía mucho cuando el accidente ocurrió. 2. To describe the physical, mental, and emotional states of a person or thing when something happened. Muchas personas querían ayudar a la familia, pero no sabían qué hacer. 3. These verbs are often used in the imperfect to describe states of being: estar (triste, cansado, contento) querer parecer (cansado, mal) sentirse (bien, enfermo) pensar tener (calor, frío, hambre, sed, sueño) “Hay,” “había,” and “hubo” are all forms of “haber.” “Hay” means “there is” or “there are.” “Había” and “hubo” both mean “there was” or “there were.” “Había” is imperfect and is used to describe a situation that existed in the past. “Hubo” is preterite and is used to say that an event took place in the past. Hubo un terremoto ayer a las seis. 4. Spanish II—5A-4 Preterite of oír, leer, creer, and destruir The preterite forms of oír change the “i” to “y” in the él and ellos forms. There is also an accent in all forms but the ellos. Presente Pretérito oigo oímos oí oímos oyes (oís) oíste (oísteis) oye oyen oyó oyeron 2. Creer and leer follow the same pattern in the preterite: creer—to believe leer—to read creí creímos leí leímos creíste (creísteis) leíste (leísteis) creyó creyeron leyó leyeron 3.Destruir (to destroy) is conjugated like these three verbs in the preterite, except that the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms do not have accents. 1. destruí destruiste destruyó destruimos (destruisteis) destruyeron 4. ¡Oye! means Hey! And is used to get someone’s attention. It is the affirmative tú command form of oír. Spanish II—5B-3 Irregular preterites 1. 2. 3. The verbs venir and poner have irregular stems and use the same unaccented endings as estar, poder, tener, and hacer: -e -imos -iste -isteis -o -ieron Irregular stems: venir (to come) vinponer (to put, place) pusVerbs like decir and traer, whose irregular stems end in “j,” drop the “i” in the ellos form and add only “-eron.” decir (to say, tell) dijdijeron traer (to bring) traj- trajeron Spanish II—5B-4 Imperfect progressive and preterite 1. When you say that an action is happening right now, you use the present progressive tense. 2. The present progressive uses the present tense of “estar” plus the present participle (-ando or –iendo). No puedo ir al cine. Estoy estudiando para el examen. 3. To describe something that was taking place over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect progressive, which uses the imperfect tense of “estar” plus the present participle. Estaba esquiando cuando me caí y me torcí la rodilla. (I was skiing when I fell and sprained my knee.) 4. The present and imperfect progressive tenses use the same present participle (-ando and –iendo). To form the present participle of –ir stemchanging verbs, e changes to i, and o changes to u . e to i: decir—diciendo seguir—siguiendo pedir—pidiendo servir—sirviendo repetir—repitiendo vestir—vistiendo o to u: dormir—durmiendo i to y: creer—creyendo leer—leyendo traer--trayendo Spanish II—6A-3 Preterite of –ir stem-changing verbs –ir verbs that have a stem change in the present also have a stem change in the preterite, but only in the third person (él and ellos) forms. 2. In the third person, the e changes to i and the o changes to u. 3. e to ie verbs (e to i here) preferir, divertirse, mentir, sentirse 4. e to i verbs (e to i here) pedir, competir, despedirse, repetir, seguir, servir, vestirse 5. o to ue verbs (o to u here) dormir, morir 6. Examples: preferir dormir preferí preferimos dormí dormimos preferiste(preferisteis) dormiste(dormisteis) prefirió prefirieron durmió durmieron 1. 7. Note the preterite spelling of reír and sonreír: reí reímos reíste reísteis rió rieron Spanish II—6A-4 Other reflexive verbs 1. 2. 3. 4. Remember that we use reflexive verbs to say that people do something to or for themselves. Él se afeitaba. He was shaving (himself). Other reflexive verbs instead often describe a change in mental, emotional, or physical state and can express the idea that someone “gets” or “becomes.” Examples: aburrirse to get bored casarse to get married divertirse to have fun dormirse to fall asleep enojarse to become angry ponerse. . . to become furious, angry, etc. (furioso, alegre, etc.) Examples: Se durmieron durante la película. (They fell asleep during the movie.) Se puso alegre después de ganar. ( He became happy after winning.) Spanish II—6B-3 Verbs that use indirect object pronouns • These familiar verbs use indirect object pronouns: aburrir—to bore importar—to matter doler—to ache interesar—to interest encantar—to love molestar—to bother fascinar—to fascinate parecer—to seem gustar—to like quedar—to fit • These verbs all use a similar construction: indirect object pronoun + verb + subject Les encantan los efectos especiales en esa película. Nos aburre mucho esa película. A + a noun or a pronoun is often used with these verbs for emphasis or clarification. The pronouns agree with and clarify the indirect object pronouns. (a mí) me (a nosotros,-as) nos (a ti) te (a vosotros,-as) os (a Ud.) (a él) (a ella) le (a Uds.) (a ellos) (a ellas) les Ejemplos: • A mí me importan mucho los efectos especiales en una película. • A Juanita le fascinan las películas de terror. • ¿A Uds. les parece realista la película de acción? Spanish II—6B-4 Present perfect • • • • • • • The present perfect is used to say what a person has done. Recientemente hemos alquilado muchos videos. (Recently we have rented a lot of videos.) To form the present perfect tense, use present tense forms of haber + the past participle. He alquilado Hemos alquilado Has alquilado (habéis alquilado) Ha alquilado Han alquilado To form the past participle of a verb, drop the ending of the infinitive and add –ado for –ar verbs and –ido for –er and –ir verbs. hablar=hablado comer=comido vivir=vivido Most verbs that have two vowels together in the infinitive have a written accent on the í of the past participle: caer=caído oír=oído leer=leído traer=traído Some verbs have irregular past participles: decir=dicho hacer=hecho romper=roto devolver=devuelto morir=muerto ver=visto escribir=escrito poner=puesto volver=vuelto When you use object or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect, the pronoun goes immediately before the form of haber: --¿Has visto la nueva película de Ramón Guevara? --No, no la he visto. Spanish II—7A-3 Negative tú commands • • To tell someone what not to do, use a negative command. To form negative tú commands, drop the -o of the present tense yo form and add -- -es for –ar verbs. usar uso No uses el microondas. -- -as for –er and –ir verbs. encender enciendo No enciendas el horno. añadir añado No añadas demasiada sal. poner pongo No pongas los camarones en el sartén todavía. • Verbs ending in –car, -gar, or –zar have spelling changes: c changes to qu, g changes to gu, and z changes to c. These are like the yo form spelling changes in the preterite. picar pico No piques los tomates. pagar pago No pagues demasiado. empezar empiezo No empieces a cocinar ahora. These verbs have irregular negative tú commands: dar no des ir no vayas estar no estés ser no seas Remember that pronouns are attached to affirmative commands. If the pronoun is added to a command form that has 2 or more syllables, write an accent mark on the syllable stressed in the present tense. --¿Pico las cebollas? --Sí, pícalas. • With negative commands, pronouns always go right before the conjugated verb. --¿Pico los tomates también? --No, no los piques. Spanish II—7A-4 The impersonal se • • • In English, you use they, you, one, or people in an impersonal or indefinite sense to mean “people in general.” In Spanish, you use se + the third person (singular or plural) form of the verb in the present tense. --A menudo se sirve pan con la paella. --Bread is often served with paella. --Se usan otros mariscos también para hacer paella. --They also use other shellfish to make paella. The subject usually follows the verb.