Download Spanish II—1A-3 Stem-changing verbs review

Spanish II—1A-3 Stem-changing verbs review
e → ie verbs
1. When conjugating one of these verbs, change the “e” closest to the end of the stem to “ie” in the
present tense in all forms but nosotros and vosotros. Use the regular verb endings for that type of
verb.
2. empezar a—to begin preferir—to prefer
comenzar a—to begin perder—to lose
querer– to wish, want pensar—to think
entender—to understand
o → ue verbs
3. When conjugating these verbs, change the “o” in the stem to “ue” in all forms but nosotros and
vosotros. Use the regular verb endings for that type of verb.
4. volver—to return (to a place)
devolver—to return (a thing)
jugar—to play (a game/sport)
poder—to be able, can dormir—to sleep
almorzar—to eat lunch costar–to cost
e → i verbs
5. Change the “e” closest to the end of the stem to “i” in all forms but nosotros and vosotros. Use the
regular verb endings.
6. pedir—to ask for, order (food)
servir—to serve
repetir—to repeat
Spanish II—1A-4 Affirmative and negative words
Lista del vocabulario
alguien someone,anyone nadie no one,nobody
algo
something
nada nothing
algún
ningún
alguno(s) some, any
ninguno(s) no, none,
alguna(s)
ninguna(s) not any
siempre always
nunca never
también also, too
tampoco neither,either
Usas de palabras afirmativas y negativas
To make a sentence negative, you usually put “no” right before the verb.
Sometimes you can also use a negative word after the verb as long as “no” precedes the verb.
No estudiamos nunca el sábado por la noche.
3. Alguno and ninguno and their related forms are adjectives and must agree in number and gender
with the noun they modify (which usually follows the adjective).
4. When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they shorten to algún and
ningún.
5. Conocer means “to know or to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing.” Use the personal “a”
after conocer when you say you know a person:
¿Conoces a Juan?
conozco
conocemos
conoces
(conocéis)
conoce
conocen
1.
2.
Spanish II—1B-3 Comparative and Superlative Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To form the comparative, use one of these patterns:
más + adjectivo + que
menos + adjectivo + que
Irregular comparative forms:
mayor que (older)
mejor que (better)
menor que (younger) peor que (worse)
** These four forms will never be used with más.
To form the superlative, use one of these patterns:
def article + noun + más/menos + adj + de
el
chico
más
alto de
def article + mejor/peor + noun + de
el
mejor
estudiante de
To compare people or things that are equal, use
tan + adj + como
(as + adj + as)
tan gracioso como
To say “as much. . .as”:
tanto,-a + noun + como
tanta
interés como
To say “as many. . .as”:
tantos,-as + noun + como
tantas
carpetas como
Note: Tanto must agree in gender and number with the noun that follows it.
Spanish II—1B-4 Saber and conocer
1. Saber means to know facts or information. When followed by an infinitive, it means to know how
to do what that verb means.
2. Cuántos, cómo, qué, quién, si, or an infinitive after the “to know” verb will usually take saber.
3. Conocer means to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing. It will be followed by “a” when
talking about a person.
4. Both verbs are conjugated like regular -er verbs except for the yo form:
sé sabemos conozco conocemos
sabes (sabéis) conoces (conocéis)
sabe saben conoce conocen
Spanish II—1B-5 The passing of time
To ask how long something has been going on. . .
1. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que + (present tense verb)? How long have you, etc. been . . .
Ejemplos:
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que eres miembro del club atlético? (How long have you (fam. sing.)
been a member of the athletic club?)
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que Uds. practican con el equipo de básquetbol? (How long have you-all
Practiced with the basketball team?)
2. Hace + period of time + que + present tense verb I, etc. have been (verb) for (period of time).
Ejemplos:
Hace más de dos años que soy miembro del club atlético. (I have been a member of the athletic
club for more than two years.
Hace tres semanas que practicamos con el equipo de básquetbol. (We have been practicing
with the basketball team for three weeks.)
Spanish II—2A-3 Reflexive verbs
1.
2.
You know a verb is reflexive if its infinitive form ends with se:
The reflexive pronouns correspond to the subject pronouns:
me
nos
te
(os)
se
se
3. To conjugate a reflexive verb, first put the reflexive pronoun that corresponds to the subject, then
the verb conjugated as usual to agree with that same subject.
(yo) me seco
(nosotros) nos secamos
(tú) te secas
(vosotros) os secáis
(él) se seca
(ellos) se secan
4. To make a sentence negative, put “no” before the reflexive pronoun.
5. Some verbs have both reflexive and non-reflexive forms. The non-reflexive form is used if the
action is being done to someone or something else.
Me seco el pelo. (I dry my hair.)
Seco el perro.
(I dry the dog.)
6. When you use a reflexive verb with clothing or parts of the body, use the definite article instead of
the possessive adjective: Me seco las manos.
7. When a reflexive verb is in the infinitive form in a sentence, the reflexive pronoun is usually
attached to the verb. It must agree with the subject.
Tengo que secarme.
Spanish II—2A-4 Ser and estar
•
Both ser and estar mean “to be,” but they are used in different situations. They cannot be
interchanged. Both are irregular when conjugated.
Ser
Estar
soy
somos
estoy estamos
eres
(sois)
estás (estáis)
es
son
está
están
Ser is used for describing relatively permanent traits and situations:
• What a person or thing is (occupation)
• What a person or thing is like (adjectives)
• Where a person or thing is from (origin)
• Nationality
• What a thing is made of
• To whom something belongs
• Date
• Time
Estar is used to talk about
• How a person or thing is at the moment (mood)
• How someone feels (health)
• Where a person or thing is located (even if it is in a permanent location)
• Anything else that is relatively temporary
Spanish II—2A-5 Possessive adjectives
Short Form (review):
mi, mis (my) nuestro, nuestra (our)
nuestros, nuestras
tu, tus (your) (vuestro, -a, -os, -as-your)
su, sus
su, sus (your-pl, their)
(his, her, your sing)


These always come in front of the noun they describe.
They agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.
Long form (new information):
mío, mía (my) nuestro, nuestra, (our)
míos, mías
nuestros, nuestras
tuyo, -a, -os, -as (vuestro, -a, -os, -as)
(your, fam)
(your pl familiar)
suyo, -a, -os, -as suyo, -a, -os, -as
(his, her, your)
(their, your pl)



These come after the noun they describe.
Voy al partido con un amigo mío.
They may be used without the noun.
¿Estas chaquetas son suyas? Sí, son nuestras.
To clarify or emphasize possession, you can use de + a noun or pronoun instead of a form of suyo.
Aquí está un collar suyo.= de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos, de ellas
Spanish II—2B-3 Preterite of regular verbs
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2.
3.
4.
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6.
Use the preterite to express actions that began and ended at a definite time in the past.
To form the preterite of regular –ar verbs, drop the –ar from the infinitive and add the following
endings:
yo
-é
nosotros
-amos
tú
-aste
(vosotros)
(-asteis)
él
-ó
ellos
-aron
All -gar, -car, and-zar verbs are irregular in only the yo form:
-gar g→gu
llegar
llegué
-car c→qu
tocar
toqué
-zar z→c
empezar empecé
The preterite endings for –er and –ir verbs are the same:
-í
-imos
-iste
(-isteis)
-ió
-ieron
All –ar and –er verbs that have a stem change in the present tense do not have a stem change in the
preterite.
Me pruebo (I try on), but
Me probé (I tried on)
“Ver” has regular preterite endings, but they do not have written accent marks.
Spanish II—2B-4 Demonstrative adjectives (review plus new material)
1.
2.
3.
You use demonstrative adjectives to point out nouns: this cap, these socks, that shirt, those shoes.
Note that this and these refer to things that are close to you as the speaker, and that and those refer to
things that are at some distance from you.
Like other adjectives, demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns that
follow them.
4.
this, these
that, those (near)
that, those
Singular
este suéter
esta falda
ese suéter
esa falda
aquel suéter
aquella falda
Plural
estos suéteres
estas faldas
esos suéteres
esas faldas
aquellos suéteres
aquellas faldas
(far)
There are also some adverbs that will give you a clue as to which set of demonstrative adjectives
to use in a given sentence:
aquí (here)—used with the este group
allí (there)—used with the ese group
allá (over there)—used with the aquel group
Spanish II—2B-5 Using adjectives as nouns
•
•
When you compare two similar things, you can drop the noun and use an article with an adjective
to avoid repetition:
¿Cuál prefieres, la sudadera apretada o la floja?
Prefiero la floja.
You can also do this with expressions that use de:
¿Compraste una chaqueta de lana o una de cuero?
¿Prefieres el abrigo de Paco o el de Juan?
Spanish II—3A-3 Direct object pronouns lo, la, los, las
1. A direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb.
Devolví el libro. I returned the book.
2. To locate the direct object in a sentence, say the subject and the verb, then ask “whom or what”?
S
V
DO
Tú
leíste el libro.
3. To avoid repeating a direct object noun, you can replace it with a direct object pronoun:
me
nos
te
(os)
lo, la los, las
4.Direct object pronouns have the same gender and number as the nouns they replace. They come
right before the conjugated verb.
Los devolví a la biblioteca. I returned them [the books] to the library.)
5. In a negative sentence, “no” comes right before the direct object pronoun.
No los devolví. (I didn’t return them.)
6. When an infinitive follows a verb, the direct object pronoun can be placed either before the
conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.
No lo pude devolver. o No pude devolverlo.
Spanish II—3A-4 Ir and ser
1.
2.
Ir and ser have the exact same forms in the preterite. The context will clarify the meaning.
El cantante fue a vivir en Miami. (The singer went to live in Miami.)
Después él fue estudiante en la universidad. (Then he was a student at the university.)
fui
fuimos
fuiste
(fuisteis)
fue
fueron
Spanish II—3A-5 Irregular verbs in the preterite
1.
2.
The verbs hacer, tener, estar, and poder all follow a similar pattern when conjugated in the
preterite tense. They each have an irregular stem as well as their own set of endings. These verbs
do not have any accent marks in the preterite.
-e
-imos
-iste (-isteis)
-o
-ieron
The irregular stems:
hacer
hicestar
estuvtener
tuvpoder
pud-
3. Dar is also irregular in the preterite and similar to the other verbs:
di
dimos
diste (disteis)
dio
dieron
Spanish II—3B-3 Direct object pronouns me, te, nos
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns.
The direct object pronouns lo, la, los, and las can refer to both people and objects.
The pronouns me, te, nos, and os refer only to people.
The direct object indicates who receives the action of the verb.
In Spanish, direct object pronouns usually come right before the verb. When an infinitive follows
a conjugated verb, the direct object pronouns can be attached to the infinitive.
Direct object pronoun chart:
me
nos
te
(os)
lo, la los, las
Spanish II—3B-4 Affirmative tú commands (review)
1.
To give someone an affirmative tú command, use the third person singular form of the verb.
Elena, ¡maneja con cuidado!
2. Some verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. To form many of these commands, drop the
–go of the yo form of the present tense.
infinitive
yo form
command
poner
pongo
pon
tener
tengo
ten
decir
digo
di
salir
salgo
sal
venir
vengo
ven
3. For some verbs, the tú command form must be simply memorized:
hacer=haz
ser=sé
ir=ve
4. If you use a direct object pronoun with an affirmative command, attach the pronoun to the
command. When a pronoun is added to a command of two or more syllables, a written accent mark is
needed over the stressed vowel.
Josefina, ¡hazlo ahora mismo!
Martín, ayúdame.
Spanish II—3B-5 Present progressive (review)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To form the present progressive, use the present tense of estar plus the present participle (-ing
form) of the main verb.
The present participle is formed by adding –ando to the stem of –ar verbs and by adding –iendo to
the stem of –er and –ir verbs. To say that an action is happening right now, use the present
progressive.
doblar→doblando
Ella está doblando a la derecha.
aprender→aprendiendo
Estamos aprendiendo a manejar.
escribir→escribiendo
Ellos están escribiendo una carta.
Note that estar, not the main verb, is conjugated to agree with the subject.
To form the present participle of –ir stem-changing verbs, the e in the infinitive form
Spanish II—4A-3 Regular imperfect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You have already learned to talk about completed actions in the past using the preterite tense:
Ayer Rafael patinó y Mónica corrió en el parque.
Another way to talke about the past is with the imperfect tense. The imperfect is used to talk
about actions that happened repeatedly in the past.
Rafael patinaba y Mónica corría.
(used to skate)
(used to run)
-ar verb endings: -er & -ir verb endings:
-aba
-ábamos -ía
-íamos
-abas (-abais)
-ías (-íais)
-aba
-aban
-ía
-ían
Since the first (yo) and third person (él, ella, Ud.) forms of the imperfect are the same, the subject
is often used to avoid confusion.
Patricia tenía un triciclo rojo pero yo tenía uno azul.
Words often used with the imperfect:
generalmente
de vez en cuando
por lo general
todos los días
a menudo
nunca
muchas veces
Spanish II—4A-4 Irregular imperfect
Only 3 verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ir
ser
iba íbamos
era
éramos
ibas (ibais)
eras
(erais)
iba iban
era
eran
ver
veía veíamos
veías (veíais)
veía veían
Spanish II—4A-5 Indirect object pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An indirect object tells to whom or for whom an action is performed.
Indirect object pronouns are used to replace or accompany an indirect object noun.
To identify an indirect object in a sentence, say the subject, then the verb, then the direct object (if
there is one), then ask “to whom?” or “for whom?”
Indirect object pronouns:
me (me)
nos (us)
te (you sing. fam.)
os (you pl. fam.)
le (them, you sing. form.) les (them, you pl. form.)
Like direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns are placed right
before the verb or are attached to the infinitive:
Siempre le quería comprar dulces a su hija.
Siempre quería comprarle dulces a su hija.
Because le and les have more than one meaning, you can make the meaning clear by adding a + a
name, noun, or pronoun:
Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a sus padres.
Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a sus amigas.
Spanish II—4B-3 The imperfect tense—describing a situation
In addition to saying what someone used to do, the imperfect tense is used in these situations:
 To describe people, places, and situations in the past.

La casa de mis abuelos era enorme.

Tenía cinco dormitorios.
 To talk about a past action or situation when no beginning or end is specified.

Había mucha gente en la casa para el aniversario de mis abuelos.
 To describe the situation or background information when something else happened or interrupted
the ongoing action. In these cases, the imperfect tense is used to tell what someone was doing
when something happened (preterite).
 Todos mis parientes bailaban cuando llegamos.
Spanish II—4B-4 Reciprocal actions



You have already learned that “nos vemos” means, “We’ll see each other later.”
Sometimes the reflexive pronouns se and nos are used to express the idea “(to) each other.” These
are called reciprocal actions.
– Los novios se abrazaban y se besaban.
The bride and groom were hugging each other and were kissing each other.
--Por lo general nos saludábamos con un abrazo. Tambien nos dábamos la mano.
--We usually greeted each other with a hug. We also would shake hands.
Spanish II—5A-3 Other uses of the imperfect tense
The imperfect tense may also be used in these situations:
1. To tell what time it was or what the weather was like when something happened.
Eran las cinco de la mañana y llovía mucho cuando el accidente ocurrió.
2. To describe the physical, mental, and emotional states of a person or thing when something happened.
Muchas personas querían ayudar a la familia, pero no sabían qué hacer.
3. These verbs are often used in the imperfect to describe states of being:
estar (triste, cansado, contento)
querer
parecer (cansado, mal)
sentirse (bien, enfermo)
pensar
tener (calor, frío, hambre, sed, sueño)
“Hay,” “había,” and “hubo” are all forms of “haber.” “Hay” means “there is” or “there are.”
“Había” and “hubo” both mean “there was” or “there were.”
 “Había” is imperfect and is used to describe a situation that existed in the past.
 “Hubo” is preterite and is used to say that an event took place in the past.
Hubo un terremoto ayer a las seis.
4.
Spanish II—5A-4 Preterite of oír, leer, creer, and destruir
The preterite forms of oír change the “i” to “y” in the él and ellos forms. There is also an accent in
all forms but the ellos.
Presente
Pretérito
oigo
oímos
oí
oímos
oyes
(oís)
oíste (oísteis)
oye
oyen
oyó
oyeron
2. Creer and leer follow the same pattern in the preterite:
creer—to believe
leer—to read
creí
creímos
leí
leímos
creíste (creísteis)
leíste (leísteis)
creyó
creyeron
leyó leyeron
3.Destruir (to destroy) is conjugated like these three verbs in the preterite, except that the tú, nosotros,
and vosotros forms do not have accents.
1.
destruí
destruiste
destruyó
destruimos
(destruisteis)
destruyeron
4. ¡Oye! means Hey! And is used to get someone’s attention. It is the affirmative tú command form of oír.
Spanish II—5B-3 Irregular preterites
1.
2.
3.
The verbs venir and poner have irregular stems and use the same unaccented endings as estar,
poder, tener, and hacer:
-e
-imos
-iste -isteis
-o
-ieron
Irregular stems:
venir (to come)
vinponer (to put, place) pusVerbs like decir and traer, whose irregular stems end in “j,” drop the “i” in the ellos form and add
only “-eron.”
decir (to say, tell) dijdijeron
traer (to bring) traj- trajeron
Spanish II—5B-4 Imperfect progressive and preterite
1. When you say that an action is happening right now, you use the present progressive tense.
2. The present progressive uses the present tense of “estar” plus the present participle (-ando or
–iendo).
No puedo ir al cine. Estoy estudiando para el examen.
3.
To describe something that was taking place over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect
progressive, which uses the imperfect tense of “estar” plus the present participle.
Estaba esquiando cuando me caí y me torcí la rodilla.
(I was skiing when I fell and sprained my knee.)
4. The present and imperfect progressive tenses
use the same present participle (-ando and –iendo). To form the present participle of –ir stemchanging verbs, e changes to i, and o changes to u
.
e to i:
decir—diciendo
seguir—siguiendo
pedir—pidiendo
servir—sirviendo
repetir—repitiendo vestir—vistiendo
o to u:
dormir—durmiendo
i to y:
creer—creyendo
leer—leyendo
traer--trayendo
Spanish II—6A-3 Preterite of –ir stem-changing verbs
–ir verbs that have a stem change in the present also have a stem change in the preterite, but only
in the third person (él and ellos) forms.
2. In the third person, the e changes to i and the o changes to u.
3. e to ie verbs (e to i here)
preferir, divertirse, mentir, sentirse
4. e to i verbs (e to i here)
pedir, competir, despedirse, repetir,
seguir, servir, vestirse
5. o to ue verbs (o to u here)
dormir, morir
6. Examples:
preferir
dormir
preferí preferimos
dormí dormimos
preferiste(preferisteis)
dormiste(dormisteis)
prefirió prefirieron
durmió durmieron
1.
7.
Note the preterite spelling of reír and sonreír:
reí
reímos
reíste reísteis
rió
rieron
Spanish II—6A-4 Other reflexive verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remember that we use reflexive verbs to say that people do something to or for themselves.
Él se afeitaba. He was shaving (himself).
Other reflexive verbs instead often describe a change in mental, emotional, or physical state and
can express the idea that someone “gets” or “becomes.”
Examples:
aburrirse to get bored
casarse to get married
divertirse
to have fun
dormirse to fall asleep
enojarse to become angry
ponerse. . . to become furious, angry, etc. (furioso, alegre, etc.)
Examples:
Se durmieron durante la película. (They fell asleep during the movie.)
Se puso alegre después de ganar. ( He became happy after winning.)
Spanish II—6B-3 Verbs that use indirect object pronouns
•
These familiar verbs use indirect object pronouns:
aburrir—to bore
importar—to matter
doler—to ache
interesar—to interest
encantar—to love
molestar—to bother
fascinar—to fascinate
parecer—to seem
gustar—to like
quedar—to fit
• These verbs all use a similar construction: indirect object pronoun + verb + subject
Les encantan los efectos especiales en esa película.
Nos aburre mucho esa película.
A + a noun or a pronoun is often used with these verbs for emphasis or clarification. The pronouns agree
with and clarify the indirect object pronouns.
(a mí)
me
(a nosotros,-as)
nos
(a ti)
te
(a vosotros,-as)
os
(a Ud.)
(a él)
(a ella)
le
(a Uds.)
(a ellos)
(a ellas)
les
Ejemplos:
• A mí me importan mucho los efectos especiales en una película.
• A Juanita le fascinan las películas de terror.
• ¿A Uds. les parece realista la película de acción?
Spanish II—6B-4 Present perfect
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The present perfect is used to say what a person has done.
Recientemente hemos alquilado muchos videos. (Recently we have rented a lot of videos.)
To form the present perfect tense, use present tense forms of haber + the past participle.
He alquilado
Hemos alquilado
Has alquilado
(habéis alquilado)
Ha alquilado
Han alquilado
To form the past participle of a verb, drop the ending of the infinitive and add –ado for –ar verbs
and –ido for –er and –ir verbs.
hablar=hablado
comer=comido
vivir=vivido
Most verbs that have two vowels together in the infinitive have a written accent on the í of the past
participle:
caer=caído
oír=oído
leer=leído
traer=traído
Some verbs have irregular past participles:
decir=dicho
hacer=hecho
romper=roto
devolver=devuelto morir=muerto
ver=visto
escribir=escrito
poner=puesto
volver=vuelto
When you use object or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect, the pronoun goes immediately
before the form of haber:
--¿Has visto la nueva película de Ramón Guevara?
--No, no la he visto.
Spanish II—7A-3 Negative tú commands
•
•
To tell someone what not to do, use a negative command.
To form negative tú commands, drop the -o of the present tense yo form and add
-- -es for –ar verbs.
usar uso
No uses el microondas.
-- -as for –er and –ir verbs.
encender enciendo No enciendas el horno.
añadir añado No añadas demasiada sal.
poner pongo No pongas los camarones
en el sartén todavía.
• Verbs ending in –car, -gar, or –zar have spelling changes: c changes to qu, g changes to gu, and z
changes to c. These are like the yo form spelling changes in the preterite.
picar
pico
No piques los tomates.
pagar
pago
No pagues demasiado.
empezar empiezo No empieces a cocinar ahora.
These verbs have irregular negative tú commands:
dar no des
ir no vayas
estar no estés
ser no seas
Remember that pronouns are attached to affirmative commands. If the pronoun is added to a
command form that has 2 or more syllables, write an accent mark on the syllable stressed in the
present tense.
--¿Pico las cebollas?
--Sí, pícalas.
• With negative commands, pronouns always go right before the conjugated verb.
--¿Pico los tomates también?
--No, no los piques.
Spanish II—7A-4 The impersonal se
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In English, you use they, you, one, or people in an impersonal or indefinite sense to mean “people
in general.”
In Spanish, you use se + the third person (singular or plural) form of the verb in the present tense.
--A menudo se sirve pan con la paella.
--Bread is often served with paella.
--Se usan otros mariscos también para hacer paella.
--They also use other shellfish to make paella.
The subject usually follows the verb.