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Name ________________________ Date/Hour __________ Science District Common Assessment #3 Study Guide Earth's Interior 1. The interior of the Earth can be mapped using __seismic_______ waves. 2. Seismic waves travel through Earth's layers at different speeds depending upon the ___density_________ and composition within the Earth. 3. The fastest traveling seismic wave is a ____primary_______ wave. 4. Using the graph on page 535, the difference in arrival times between a P-wave and a S-wave 3000 km from the epicenter is ____4.5min_______. 5. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted because _____Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust________________. 6. The location of most earthquakes occur in narrow bands which corresponds with which type of tectonic plate boundary? ___ continental -continental____(subducting tectonic plates)__ 7. Why does California experience more earthquakes than we do in Michigan? ____California is located on the boundary of two crustal plats, but we are not.________ 8. A string of volcanoes usually indicates ____plate boundaries________. 9. Volcanoes are characterized by differences in ___size and shape____ and composition. 10. Earthquakes are detected, measured, and recorded by instruments called _seismographs___. 11. The Richter scale measures which earthquake characteristic? __magnitude___. 12. Describe how a volcanic eruption could change the Earth's climate. Ash blocks sunlight, causing temperatures to drop 13. What causes new crust to form at mid-ocean ridges? ___seafloor spreading 14. The Himalayan Mountains are still increasing in height because two ____tectonic____ plates are colliding. 15. Tectonic Plates move because of mantle _convection___ and the force of __gravity_____. 16. Scientists use GPS to map the rate of tectonic plate movement and have discovered that the Earth's tectonic plates move an average of _1-12cm_____ per year. 17. What 2 processes can transform igneous rock into sedimentary rock? erosion, and sedimentation. 18. What 2 processes can transform sedimentary rock into igneous rock? ____________melting and cooling_______ 19. All igneous rocks begin as __magma____. 20. Heat and pressure inside the Earth's crust change rocks through this process which is called metamorphism____. 21. Which type of crust, continental or oceanic, is younger, thinner, and denser? oceanic crust 22. Most of the injuries and deaths due to earthquakes are caused by movement of the ground_____. 23. This forms when tectonic plates collide. rift valley___ 24. ____subducting_ oceanic lithosphere pulls the rest of the plate along with it. 25. Explain how rock is recycled in subduction zones. ___rock is recycled as it is pulled back into the mantle of the Earth as subduction zones_ 26. The greatest risk to humans caused by underwater earthquakes is a __tsunami____. 27. Oceanic plates always go under continental plates because they are __denser___ then the continental plates. 28. Are continental crusts older or younger than oceanic crusts? _older____ 29. Are continental crusts denser or less dense than oceanic crusts? ____less dense_______ 30. Which is thicker, continental crust or oceanic crust? _____continental____ 31. How does the temperature of continental and oceanic crust compare? ________They are similar__________ 32. What type of rock is obsidian? _____obsidian__________ 33. Why was the continental drift theory not originally accepted? __Wegener couldn't explain why or how continents moved._ 34. How is Earth's atmosphere today different than it was 4.5 billion years ago? _________Has more oxgen now (cyanobacteria) ____________ 35. Which 2 layers of Earth are solid? ____crust and inner core_________ 36. Earth's magnetic field is created by ____The flow of molten iron in the outer core____.