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Nucleic Acids and Protein DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate Base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Called a nucleotide Function of DNA Stores Genetic info Codes for production of RNA Makes up chromosomes Prokaryotes One single circular strand Eukaryotes Stored in nucleus Multiple strands Each own chromosome Structure of DNA Double Helix (Watson/Crick 1953) Two strands (double) Twisted around central axis (helix) Think spiral stair case Rosalind Franklin Structure (cont) Complementary base pairing A with T C with G Based on number of H-bonds Allows DNA to replicate, and make RNA Purines/Pyrimidines Purine: 2 rings, A and G Pyrimidine: 1 ring, T and C Base pairing RNA Ribonucleic acid Ribose Phosphate Base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (very similar to thymine from DNA) Function of RNA Connect DNA to ribosome Ribosome makes protein Able to leave the nucleus Much smaller Only one gene Single strand RNA base pairing (12/14) How RNA is made from DNA DNA serves as the template DNA Base RNA Base Adenine Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Cytosine Codons/Anticodon Codons are 3 nucleotide sequence on mRNA Anticodon is a 3 nucleotide segment on a strand of tRNA Pair using comp. base pair rules 3rd nucleotide can sometimes flex 1 codon = 1 amino acid Types of RNA mRNA Carries information of DNA Linear tRNA Brings amino acid to mRNA T-Shaped rRNA Makes up the ribosome globular DNA Replication Self Replication Possible for 2 main reasons Double Helix Comp. Base Pairing One strand serves as a template Will get two identical strands Why do you need to produce identical strands? Steps to Replication (12/15) Formation of a replication fork Enzyme = DNA helicase Splits 2 strands Add new bases Enzyme = DNA polymerase Adds bases to open strands Checks for errors Transcription Process of making RNA from DNA All forms of RNA are transcribed RNA does not replicate in living things Some viruses can Why does RNA not replicate? Takes place in nucleus of eukaryotes Only one gene is transcribed Process of Transcription Only one strand of DNA is transcribed Called the template strand (other is non-template) Enzyme = RNA polymerase Enzyme attaches (promoter) and separates DNA strands Adds RNA bases Reaches a termination sequence Stops, RNA breaks off, DNA recoils Transcription Translation Process used to produce a polypeptide (protein) Uses all forms of RNA, ribosome, and amino acids mRNA = message tRNA= transfer rRNA = ribosomal Takes place in the cytoplasm (where ribosomes are) Process of translation tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA strand rRNA helps link together amino acids Protein is produced Function of protein Antibodies – fight infection Contractile – responsible for movement Enzymes – speed reactions Hormones – coordinate body activities Structure – build body, tendons/ligaments Storage – store amino acids (egg whites) Transport – move material into/out of cell Codons and Amino Acids DO NOT FORGET DNA RNA Protein Structure Function DNA RNA =? RNA Protein = ? DNA DNA = ?