Download The Crusades 1096 -1291

The
Crusa
des
1096 -
1291
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Jerusalem is a very holy city for
Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
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 - Christ’s Empty Tomb
 - Dome of the Rock
 - Wailing Wall
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Jerusalem and Palestine came under Muslim rule in the 7th
century, but Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived together
relatively peacefully. All faiths made pilgrimages there.
11th century, the Seljuk Turks, a rising Muslim power had
gained control of Palestine.
The Seljuk Turks came from Central Asia. Had
taken over Baghdad from the Abbasids in 1055.

Travel for pilgrimages to Holy Land was
reportedly growing unsafe.

Byzantine emperor in Constantinople was
worried that they would expand into Constantinople.
In 1095, the emperor asked Pope Urban for help.
Pope Urban called a council and called for a crusade
to drive Muslims back and reclaim Jerusalem.

“Jerusalem is now held captive by the
enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those
who do not know God, to the worship of the
heathen (unconverted). She seeks… to be
liberated, and (implores) you to come to her
aid. On whom, therefore, rests the labor of
avenging these wrongs and of recovering this
territory, if not upon you?” Pope Urban,
1095…listeners reportedly responded “God
wills it! God wills it!”

Pope Urban had goals of reuniting
Eastern and Western Christians under his
rule, helping the Byzantines could possibly
help him.
Reasons to go on a crusades:

Entry to Heaven for all who joined the
fight.

Merchants might earn money in trade

Nobles might gain estates in the new
kingdoms established in the Holy Land.
First Crusade (1096-1099)
30,000 –45,000 crusaders. Only about 4,000 true
“knights,” the rest were foot soldiers, cooks, archers,
women, and priests.
They fought their way through modern day Turkey
and finally captured Jerusalem in 1099. The
Christians massacred Muslims and Jews throughout
the city. Survivors were sold into slavery. They
established four crusader kingdoms, temporarily
spreading Europe’s feudal system to the Holy Land.
Second Crusade (1146-1148)
Muslims started uniting to defeat the crusaders and
captured one of the crusader kingdoms, Edessa.
Christians were angered by this and mounted the
Second Crusade, but they were defeated.
Between the 2nd and 3rd crusades:
Salah-al-Din, had united Muslims in Egypt, Syria, and
lands to the east.
Horns of Hattin
•Crusader army of 20,000 was exhausted from
marching through the desert. When they camped at
night the Muslim soldiers led by Salah-al-Din
surrounded them and set fire to the valley and then
attacked. Most were killed or taken captive, but Salahal-Din guaranteed the safety of the fleeing pilgrims,
released husbands from captivity, and gave gift to
widows and orphans.
•He took back Jerusalem.
•He didn’t kill his prisoners, like the crusaders. He
freed many captives, or sold them for ransom. Some
became slaves.
Third Crusade (1189-1192) or the Crusade of
Kings
King Richard I or England (Richard the
Lionheart) led the fight against Salah-al-Din to
take back Jerusalem.
At one point, when the two sides were trying to
make an agreement, King Richard got impatient
and killed all 2700 of his Muslim prisoners.
By September 1192, both armies were weak from
battle and so Richard and Salah-al-Din signed a
peace treaty. The crusaders kept some cities
along the coast of Palestine. Muslims agreed to
let Christian pilgrims enter Jerusalem.
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Merchants of Venice wanted to strengthen their trade routes
and sought to install the next Byzantine emperor. The
crusaders went to Constantinople and tried to install a new
emperor, and when the people rebelled, they pillaged the
city in what’s called “the Sack of Constantinople.” Burned,
stole, desecrated
“How shall I begin to tell of the deeds done by these wicked
men? They trampled the images underfoot instead of
adoring them. They threw the relics of the martyrs into
filth… They broke into bits the sacred altar of Santa Sophia,
and distributed it among the soldiers. When the sacred
vessels and the silver and gold ornaments were to be carried
off, they brought up mules and saddle horses inside the
church itself.” –Nicetas Choniates, 1204
Later Crusades
Children’s Crusades
Poor Peasants
Few made it to the Holy Land, many sold into slavery,
many disappeared.
By 1291, Muslims had taken back the last crusader city,
ending 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the Holy
Land.
Reconquista
Christian rulers in northern Spain started attacking
Muslim controlled
Southern Spain. Between 1085 and 1492, Christians
were began gaining territory.
Inquisition thousands of Muslims and Jews who had
converted to Christianity were tortured to find out if
they were practicing their old religions. Thousands
were burned at the stake.
1492 Columbus and Jews were forced to become
Catholic or leave. More than 170,000 Jews left their
home forever. In 1609, all remaining Muslims were
forced out.
Effects for Christians
1.
Many died or suffered terribly from the crusades
2.
Increased use of money in Europe. (kings started
taxing for crusades)
3.
Monarchs grew more powerful, feudalism was
weakened.
4.
Christians learned about new clothes, spices,
technology, etc., brought back luxury items.
5.
Learned new military tactics, perhaps gained
gunpowder from Muslims who had learned of it from the
Chinese.
6.
New styles of music and literature
7.
opened the eyes of Europeans to the great size of the
world, paving the way for an age of discovery
Effects for Muslims
Muslim society more advanced, so less to gain.
Gained new weapons and military technology
Grew wealthy from trade, helped fund projects.
Allowed Muslims to band together.
Effects for Jews
By the end of the crusades, the situation had worsened for Jews.

They could not hold public office.

Lost trading jobs

Riots and massacres in multiples cities

1290 England expelled

1394 France
ghettos developed.
Slide1: The Capture of Jerusalem in 1099 (Source: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)
weekly.ahram.org.eg/ 2002/585/bo2.htm
www.religionfacts.com/ islam/places/jerusalem.htm,
http://www.bethelnr.org/index.cfm?ID=539,
www.ebibleteacher.com/ imagehtml/ntplaces.html
Slide 2: