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Atmospheric Heating What You Will Learn O J I Describe what happens to solar energy that reaches Earth. Summarfte the processes of radiation, thermal conduction, and convection. Explain the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global warming. Vocabulaty radiation thermal conduction convection global warming greenhouse effect Reading Organizer As you read this section, make a table comparing raa1atlo1, and convection. londuction, You are lying in a park. Your eyes are closed, and feel the warmth of the sun on your face. You may done this before, but have you ever stopped to : that it takes a little more than eight minutes for energy that warms your {ace to travel {rom a star # 149,000,000 km away? Energy in the Atmosphere In the scenario above, your face was warmed by energy r: rE, the sun. Earth and its atmosphere are also warmed by ene:r from the sun. In this section, you will find out what happ-_:i to solar energy as it enters the atmosphere. Radiation: Energy Transfer by Waves The Earth receives energy from the sun by radiation. Radiatin the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. Although : sun radiates a huge amount of energy, Earth receives : about two-billionths of this energy. But this small fractic:energy is enough to drive the weather cycle and make E-habitable. Figure r shows what happens to solar €fr€rg, i rr it enters the atmosphere. F,igure I E7ergy from the sun is obsorbed by the otmosphere, lond, ond woter and is choiged into thermol energy. About 25o/o is scattered and reflected by clouds and air. About 20o/o is absorbed by ozone, clouds, and atmospheric gases. sa:;'Eis+" About 50o/o is absorbed by Earth's surface. t About 5olo is reflected by Earth's surface. ieFuPIt eLll 'uoll,nPuo) lPureql Aq paleeq sr lP 'ere;;ns S,l'lUP:l aql teeN '$lurs JrP loo) PUP sestj JrP ruJPn sP PelPeJf eJP slueilnf uolpe^uo) ASreua 'seAP^ rllauSeurorpa;a Iq lo relsuprl eql st uollslpeu 'ateqdsou4D stt puD LlyDj uon)eAuo) PUD 'uon)nPuu lD 'uollDlpDl lo sessef,oil aq1 Z (s4taq3 Surpaay ot sraftisuo toJ xryuaddy aq1 aag) UsluarJrL.' -JeAuoJ esnuJ [11suap JIE uI saf,ueJaJJlp op /vloH palle) ttu ;o ]uarua^oru Jelnf,JrJ u sasnef, Sur4urs Jru Ioor : Eursrr rle rurpm ;o a1cl.r s1ql 'urc8e asrr o] sufaq pup at: s,quPf ar{} ,(q pa}eaq dllenlua^a sI rlu Ioo) aql 'dn rre = eql saqsnd 1r 's4u1s JIe IooJ aql sV '$lurs lI os tasuap r Ioof, 'sasrJ pue asuap ssal saruoJaq 11 'paleaq sr Jre su 'a1c Joc 'uollJa^uof, ,{q parraJsupJl sl araqdsoru}? ar{t ur -L: IuruJar.I] lso141 'su8 ro p1nbfl u Jo luerualoru Jo uol]elnfr: dq dSraua IpruJar.Il Jo raJsupJl agt sr uolpa^uo) 'uollJa-: palJesqo aleq nod 'poq ralu,vr yo 1od e parlJlem JeAa eAEq r- seB ro plnbll e lo lueu -e^ou ro uorlPln)l) eql Aq Attaue leuleql lo laFuPrl eql uolpa^uo, letraleu e qSnotql lPeq se {8reue ;o uolpnPuo, lPureql saAPA llauSetuoJpala se lStaua lo relsup.tl eql uollplpp^t uollplnrr!) Aq ra;suErl Atreul :uo!pe^ 'araqdsotulu aql o] parJaJsueq sr -ui /quufl IeruJaql Jo aJuJrns ruJu/vl aql qll1vr lJeluof, ]f,errp -l atuoJ salnJaloru ile uaqM 'seaJe plot ol (uJulvl ruorJ peJJali sdervrp sr dSraua pruraqJ 'lelreletu e q8nore] d8raue Ipu= Jo leJsuuJl aql sr uolpnPuo, leuraql 'uolpnpuoJ Jo ssaJorc paf,ualradxa arruq nod ']oU Surqlauos paqf,no] JaAe eApr{ n r Aq re;suerl Atraul :uolpnp -- peluo) Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion tarrJ You have learned that plate tectonics is the theory that ::.lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around :: top of the asthenosphere. What causes the motion of tecto:-: plates? Remember that the solid rock of the asthenosph=:= flows very slowly. This movement occurs because of chan.: in density within the asthenosphere. These density chan.: are caused by the outward flow of thermal energy from d.--: within the Earth. When rock is heated, it expands, becor:-: :1i: ,T&IHI .:. {tACi: :: ' the rock gets near the surface, the rock cools, becomes rn::: dense, and tends to sink. Figure I shows three possible caus*' of tectonic plate motion. What causes changes in density in the asthenosphere? n fim'h- prE :-:: f,c:L: mmL _T_: .E:--- L C,l,,ot kq--.:: ;DiI.ir i-'., -1'.= lr1l|f- . - ':-- M_ i'fitrr. _1 {rfi;?:j: i ' mr-:: !: G.1--:: O*,0r" Mid-ocean ridge \ Push At mid-ocean ridges, the oceanic lithosphere is higher than it is where it sinks into the asthenosphere. Because of ridge push, the oceanic lithosphere slides downhill under the force of gravity. \\ Oceanic lithosphere ....,---' rc rc,: 3:3 TA= e :EC ter:st Slab Pull Because oceanic lithosphe= is denser than the asthenosphere, tl': edge of the tectonic plate that conta Convection Hot rock from deep within the Earth rises, but cooler rock near the surface sinks. Convection causes the oceanic lithosphere to move sideways and away from the mid-ocean ridge. oceanic Iithosphere sinks and pulls trt rest of the tectonic plate with it in a process called slob pull. a -:\= Il ir, =le< trt-e t a4': - E , ==3n