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European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) Theme 2 – Scientific Highlight “Linking individual responses to impacts on ecosystems” Dr Steve Widdicombe 10th-13th June 2008, La Maison du Séminaire, Nice (France) Introduction Examples of impact on marine organisms. Whole organism impacts and trade-offs Interactions between species Impacts on communities and ecosystem function Predicting biodiversity Research at PML – Impact Experiments PML has developed a range of experimental systems the can provide large quantities of CO2 acidified seawater Large systems successfully used to look at impacts of large organisms and sediment cores. Small systems used for small organisms and larvae. CO2 gas Regulator Natural seawater Acidified seawater pH & temp sensor Water pump for circulation Control box LAN / internet connection Findlay et al (in press Aquatic Biology) Widdicombe & Needham (2007) Mar Ecol Prog Ser Impact on Individuals Physiological Response to High CO2 Sea urchin Crab (Miles et al. 2007 Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54, 89-96) (Spicer et al. 2007 Mar. Biol. 151, 1117-1125) Impact on Animal Health Impact on Animal Health – Immune Response Seawater acidification reduced immune response in mussels (Bibby et al. 2008 Aquatic Biology 2, 67 - 74) Seawater acidification also reduced mussel general heath status (NRR assay) (Beesley et al. in press Climate Change) Normal Abnormal Whole Organism Impacts Key Survival Processes INPUT MAINTENANCE ORGANISM OUTPUTS GROWTH Calcium content FEEDING METABOLISM Arm regrowth O2 uptake REPRODUCTION Egg size & condition umol oxygen/day/g animal ± 95% CI Whole Organism Physiology 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 8 7.7 7.3 6.8 Reduced pH caused a significant 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 increase in oxygen consumption 8 7.7 7.3 6.8 Length of arm regrown significantly longer at lower pH pH treatment % calcium/ g of arm ± 95% CI length mm ± 95% CI pH 40 Reduced pH significantly increased the calcium content in regrown arms established regrowth 35 30 25 20 Regrown arms had significantly higher calcium content than existing arms 15 10 5 0 8 7.7 7.3 6.8 pH Wood et al. (2008) Proceedings of the Royal Society B The Biological Cost control 7.7 7.3 6.8 control 7.7 Established arms Regrowing arms Wood et al. 2008. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 7.3 6.8 Behaviour and Interactions HELP! There are crabs in this habitat, I must thicken my shell Phenotypic plasticity Chemical cue Edible Periwinkle Littorina littorea Green Shore Crab Carcinus maenas In a future ocean where the availability of bicarbonate ions are reduced, snails may be less able to thicken their shells and could therefore be more vulnerable to predation. Bibby et al. 2007. Biology Letters 3: 699-701. Community Structure & Biodiversity Communities made up of species with a range of tolerance to high CO2 Polychaetes – Crustaceans – Molluscs – Echinoderms Species diversity (√S) Mud 2 weeks Differences seen within and between taxonomic groups 6 5 4 No relationship 3 Mud and sand communities showed different tolerances Prediction will come from knowing the mechanisms that underpin organism tolerance 20 weeks 7 2 1 Sand 5 6.0 4 5.5 3 5.0 2 4.5 1 4.0 0 Long term experiments needed 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 pH treatment Widdicombe et al. Submitted. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser Why do changes in communities matter? Burrow builders 7.9 7.3 6.5 5.6 80 120 100 100 CONTROL µmol m-² h-¹ 60 40 20 0 7.9 7.3 -20 6.5 5.6 -40 80 80 60 40 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 (Widdicombe & Needham, 2007) 60 40 20 0 20 -20 0 0 0 Nitrate μmol.m-2.h-1 120 7.6 Nitrate 100 Bulldozers 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 (Widdicombe et al., in prep) Different types of animals with different behaviours have different impacts on ecosystem function. Will functional diversity be maintained? Impacts: Sediment Fluxes Sand 2 weeks NO2 = -1.573 + 0.278pH NO2 = -2.862 + 0.5081pH 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.50 0.50 ns 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 -0.5 0.00 0.00 F = 15.81; p = 0.001 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 20 weeks NO2 = -1.429 + 0.2496pH 0.75 2.5 Nitrite Mud 2 weeks 20 weeks F = 42.65; p = 0.000 F = 53.83; p = 0.000 5.5 8.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 5.5 8.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 NO3 = -41.73 + 7.496pH NO3 = 108.5 + 19.00pH 30 Nitrate 60 20 40 10 20 ns 0 -10 F = 35.90; p = 0.000 Ammonium -20 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 NH4 = 350.9 – 39.60pH 300 F = 5.13; p = 0.036 250 200 150 100 50 0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 -20 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 F = 18.77; p = 0.000 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 NH4 = 104.5 – 13.17pH NH4 = 351.1 – 42.73pH F = 11.75; p = 0.003 NH4 = 85.15 – 9.453pH 160 40 120 30 80 20 40 10 0 5.5 SiO = -70.84 + 18.56pH Silicate ns 0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 F = 30.72; p = 0.000 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 0 F = 18.72; p = 0.001 5.5 6.0 7.5 100 80 80 60 60 ns 40 40 20 ns 20 F = 7.41; p = 0.014 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 SiO = -61.94 + 16.31pH 100 0 6.5 8.0 F = 8.85; p = 0.008 0 5.5 Seawater pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Seawater pH 8.0 What do we need to know to predict biodiversity response? Species diversity What are the mechanisms that make acidification detrimental to the survival of individuals and the long term sustainability of populations? How do these mechanisms vary between species? How will acidification interact with other climate change stressors to set biogeographical limits? What will be the impact on biological control (predation, competition, ecosystem engineers, keystone species)? Will adaptation mitigate the effects of ocean acidification? Taxonomic (or phylogenetic) diversity Is an organism’s tolerance related to its phylogeny or its ecology? Functional diversity What is it that different organisms do for ecosystem function? What is the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function anyway? (Widdicombe & Spicer. In press. Predicting the impact of Ocean acidification on benthic biodiversity: What can physiology tell us? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology) References S Widdicombe & JI Spicer. In press. Predicting the impact of ocean acidification on benthic biodiversity: What can physiology tell us? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology HL Wood, JI Spicer & S Widdicombe. In press. Ocean Acidification may increase calcification rates- but at a cost. Proceedings of the Royal Society B A Beesley, DM Lowe, C Pascoe & S Widdicombe. In press. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the health of Mytilus edulis. Climate Change R Bibby, S Widdicombe, H Parry, JI Spicer & R Pipe. 2008. Impact of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Biology 2: 67-74. R Bibby, P Cleall-Harding, S Rundle, S Widdicombe & J Spicer. 2007. Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Biology Letters 3: 699-701. S Widdicombe & HR Needham. 2007. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the burrowing activity of Nereis virens and sediment nutrient flux. Marine Ecology Progress Series 341: 111-122. JI Spicer, A Raffo & S Widdicombe, 2007. Influence of CO2-related seawater acidification on extracellular acid-base balance in the velvet swimming crab Necora puber. Marine Biology 151: 1117-1125. H Miles, S Widdicombe, JI Spicer & J Hall-Spencer, 2007. Effects of anthropogenic seawater acidification on acid-based balance in the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:89-96. S Widdicombe, et al., in prep. The response of Brissopsis lyrifera and Echinocardium cordatum to CO2 induced sweater acidification.