Download CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL PLANTS

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL PLANTS
Plants:
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


Have cell walls made of cellulose,
Are autotrophs/ producers/ photosynthetic.
Are multicellular and eukaryotic.
Have all of the characteristics of living things including
1. Are made of cells
6. Respond to their
2. Reproduce
environment
3. Have genetic material
7. Maintain homeostasis (a
4. Grow and develop
stable internal
5. Obtain & use minerals
environment)
and energy
8. As a group, change over
time
3 cell parts found in plant cells and not in animal cells:
Cell wall
cytoplasm
Large central
vacuole
nucleus
Chloroplasts
chloroplast
vacuole
ribosome
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall
Flower ovaries
become fruits.
ovary
fruit
Which items below do you think are made from liquefied or
squished plant ovaries?
DEFINITION:
Fruits are ripened ovaries of flowers and contain seeds.
DEFINITION:
Vegetables are the parts of plants such as stems, leaves, or roots that can be eaten.
List the names of 5 of the specimens shown below (or of 5 specimens provided by your teacher) in
your Plant Book and tell whether they are a fruit or a vegetable.
1.
celery
2. bell peppers
3. broccoli
4. bananas
5. lettuce
8. potatoes
6. carrots
7. watermelon
9. corn is a seed found inside an ear
10. tomato
1.
#2
3. avocadofruit
4.Coconut fruit
5.maple fruits
In your plant
book, list the
type of seed
dispersal.
COMPARISON/CONTRAST OF NONVASCULAR PLANTS VERSUS VASCULAR
LandPlant Challenges
(since they don’t live in water)
1. Get water to all cells since not
surrounded by water
2. Keep embryo plants from drying
3. Get male sex cells to female sex
cells
1/4
inch
Tall
Nonvascular Plants
Different
S
p
o
r
o
p
h
y
t
e
Capsule
Stalk
Stemlike
structure
Leaflike
structure
Rhizoid
Diagram of a moss
G
a
m
e
t
o
p
h
y
t
e
Have no specialized
tissue to circulate water
and minerals to all cells
of the plant.
So must be small to
allow for osmosis of
water and diffusion of
minerals from the
environment to all cells.
Have no veins and
therefore do not have
true roots, stems and
leaves.
Sperm must swim to
eggs when it rains or
when there is dew.
Also use spores also to
reproduce.
Example: bryophytes
(mosses)
Photo of a moss
Vascular Plants
50
feet
tall
Different
Havespecialized
tissues called xylem
and phloem to
circulate waterand
nutrients to all cells.
Can be large because
veins (xylem and
phloem) can raise
water and minerals
many feet above the
ground.
Have veins so they
have true roots,
stems and leaves
Pollen (sperm)
fertilizes seeds and
can travel by wind,
water or animals.
Examples: conifers,
flowering plants
PRIMITIVE VASCULAR PLANTS: THE FERNS
Sori contain sporangia which contain spores.
Spores survive dry seasons and are a form of
asexual reproduction.
GYMNOSPERMS
Pollen cone
Seed cone
WING
SEED
Pollen frees plants
from needing
water for
reproduction
WING
ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms are seed plants that have flowers. The great evolutionary advancement of angiosperms is the flower. It
promotespollination. Angiosperm pollen will be observed during the flower dissection.
Leaves
The main function of the leaf is to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis to manufacture
food. Plants have a waxy cuticle that helps prevent excessive water loss.
cuticle
mesophyll (two types)
stomate
Vascular bundles
Guard cells
The stomata are tiny openings found on the underside of plant leaves. These structures allow the diffusion of
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Water into or out of the leaf. When plants live in a dry environment, they would have
few stomata which would remain closed most of the time. If stomata were to remain open continuously, the plant
would dehydrate.
In leaves, photosynthesis occurs in the ground tissue called mesophyll. Water, and carbon dioxide are needed for
photosynthesis to occur. Roots take in water and transport it through the xylem to the leaves. Carbon dioxide
enters the leaves through the stomata.
During photosynthesis sugars and oxygen are produced. The sugars are transported out of the leaf and throughout
the plant by the phloem; some is stored in the roots. Oxygen is released through the stomata.
Adaptations of Leaves
Venus Flytrap-leaves can photosynthesize but are also made to trap insects which can then be digested. The leaves
close over insects in response to touch (thigmotropism ).
Prickly Pear Cactus-The spines are the leaves. The spines protect the stems. The
stems are an adaptation for water storage as well as being the site for photosynthesis.
Pitcher Plant-The leaves trap insects.
Insects are attracted by the scent of
the plant. They fly into the pitcher
shaped leaf where they become trapped
by sticky fluids that then digest them.
Pine Needle-long and narrow, they are adapted to a cold, dry climate.
The narrow leaves decrease surface area thereby decreasing water loss.
The waxy leaves prevent water loss.
Broadleaf-The broad, flat
leaves collect sunlight.
Leaves like lily pads which float havestomates
on top and are waxy underneath.
Roots
In a fibrous root the primary and secondary roots are all basically the same size. In a taproot, like a carrot, the
primary root is large and the smaller secondary roots grow out of the primary root. Taproots store sugars or
starches.
Root hairs increase the surface area of the root. This allows for better absorption of water.
Stems
Functions of stems
1. Transport substances between roots and leaves
2. Hold leaves up to the sunlight
3. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers
The xylem and phloem form continuous tubes from the roots through the stems to the leaves.
This vascular tissue conducts water, nutrients, and other compounds through the plant
Tubers-grow underground and store food (potatoes)
Rhizome-ginger “root” is actually an
underground stem
Bulbs and corms-garlic, onion many layers protect the stem
Celery Cross Section
vascular bundle (xylem &
phloem)