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The Greek Verb System ! SUMMARY ! ! ! TENSE! One-time! Past! Ongoing! Present! Complete Future State fact! Imperative: State expectation! Active: Doing! Middle: Doing-to-self! Passive: Being-done-to Subjunctive: State should! ! State wish! Infinitive: Moodless! [Participle: Verbal adj.] RECIPIENT! LATER LESS REAL! ! Optative: ! PERFECTIVE Indicative: Agency AGENT Reality MORE REAL ! ! ! ASPECT! EARLIER PUNCTUAL Time PROGRESSIVE Singular: 1! Dual: 2 (rare)! Plural: several FEW 1st: I ! 2nd: You! 3rd: He/she/it MANY! MORE INTIMATE Quantity ! Intimacy LESS INTIMATE! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A B O U T The verb is the dynamic core of the ancient Hellenic language. By changes in their ending (inflection), Greek verbs can fluctuate along five spectrums, whose names come down to us by way of Latin grammarians as “person,” “number,” “tense,” “mood,” and “voice.” ! ! PERSON NUMBER TENSE MOOD VOICE ! T H E When we parse an instance of the verb (for example, the form λύει from λύω), we locate it along these spectrums. Thus λύει is the 3rd person, singular number, present tense, indicative mood, active voice form of λύω. Because these spectrums are very diverse, the verb is very powerful and expressive. The Greek verb can also be used to form adjectives (by the participle: λύων, “loosening”) and nouns (by the articular infinitive—adding a neuter singular article before the infinitive thus: τὸ λύειν, “the [business of] loosening”).! V E R B The Greek verb expresses its “fluctuations” through changes in the parts that surround the root or stem (-λυ- in the case of λύω). ! • The most common change is in the ending after the stem. Thus λύ-ω (comprised of the stem λυ- and the 1st person singular present indicative active ending –ω) changes to λύ-ει to mark a shift in person, from 1st to 3rd. ! • You’ll have noticed that the beginning of the verb can change around the root too, thanks to the augment which signals past time in the indicative moods: ἐ-λύ-… is past tense (e.g., in the imperfect or aorist). When we encounter the perfective forms, you’ll meet one more change to the beginning of verbs: reduplication which signals completion, thus: λε-λυ-…! ! HISTORY The Latin grammatical terms we use for these “spectrums” of the verbs seem weird, don’t they? They were coined by ancient Roman grammarians working in Latin—but those grammarians were actually translating Greek thinkers who had originated the practice of gramar. (Why do we use the Latin terms instead of the Greek ones? Primarily because the Renaissance scholars who brought Greek texts back to Europe spoke fluent Latin, then the language of learning). ! ! Turn over page Greek 200, Term 2 Handout 1: The Greek Verb Page 1 The Greek Verb System ! ! History, continued. Here are the Latin grammatical terms with their Greek precedents, & a translation of the Greek:! English term & date (OED) Latin term Greek term Meaning person (1398) persona πρόσωπον “mask,” “persona” number (1398) numerus ἀριθμός “number,” “count” tense (1388) tempus χρόνος “time” mood (1450) modus ἐγκλισις “incline,” “slope” voice (1382) modus διάθεσις “arrangement,” “force” ! A full list of grammatical terms in English, Latin and Greek (and the dates of the former) has been compiled by Brian Lanter. It is accessible online at http://www.unm.edu/~blanter/ Grammar_Term_Origins.pdf. Enjoy!! ! ! ! ! THE GREEK VERB: A BIRD’S EYE VIEW For a bird’s eye view of the Greek verb, TURN TO THE CONSPECTUS OF λύω (HANDOUT 2: BIRD’S EYE VERB). ! Conceptually, the entire verb system is laid out in the conspectus of this verb, including a form for every person, number, tense, mood, and voice. ! Of course there are a few verbs with different forms than λύω: for example, you've met contract verbs like φιλέω (which differ very superficially from λύω, only in adding an ε to the stem that contracts with the endings); -.ι verbs like δίδω.ι; and irregular verbs like εἴ.ι. ! But if you know the full conspectus of λύω, you know all the conceptual “slots” for every Greek verb—and you know the most common forms that fill those slots, since most verbs have the forms that λύω has. ! I have only filled in the active voice, leaving an exercise to you to fill in the remainder as we continue the course this term. Greek 200, Term 2 Handout 1: The Greek Verb Page 2