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Essential Question: How diverse is our Earth? Biomes ❧ ❧ Biome – large region characterized by specific climate & certain types of plants & animals ❧ i.e., similar ecosystems ❧ Biomes are determined by Climate – weather conditions in an area over long time; includes: ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ Temperature Precipitation = rainfall Humidity Winds Biomes ❧Type of biome changes with: ❧Latitude – distance north or south of equator ❧Altitude – height above sea level Biomes ❧Biomes are characterized by: ❧Abiotic factors – the non-living part of the environment, including water, rocks, light & temperature ❧Biotic factors – factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms, including ❧ Predation ❧ Decomposition ❧ Reproduction Biome Graphic Organizer: Record COMPLETELY & TURN IN! ❧ Arctic Tundra Subarctic Taiga Temperate Temperate forest Temperate Grassland Desert Tropical Tropical rain forest Wet Savanna Decreasing precipitation Desert Dry Forest Biomes 1. Taiga = northern coniferous forest ❧ Long winters (6-10 months); average temp. below freezing ❧ Plant growth occurs in summer - constant daylight & high precipitation (~10cm/month) ❧ Plants: conifers ❧ shape of leaves & waxy coating prevent H2O loss ❧ Cone shape prevents snow build up ❧ Pine needles makes oil acidic ❧ Animals: summer birds; mice; hares, lynx, foxes, wolves Agafia’s Taiga Life Taiga life Forest Biomes 2. Tropical Rain Forest ❧ Near equator (South America, Africa, SE Asia, Australia) ❧ High precipitation & moderate temps year round ❧ Helps regulate world climate by sucking up CO2 Forest Biomes 3. Temperate Deciduous Forest ❧ Eastern US, Europe & Asia ❧ Abundant rainfall, moderate temp. ❧ Trees: maple, oak, birch ❧ Plant adaptation: trees lose leaves each fall ❧ Animals: deer, squirrel, bears, insects, birds ❧ Some hibernate ❧ Threats: development, logging Forest Biomes ❧4. Temperate Rain Forest ❧ Pacific Northwest US, Australia (coastal areas) ❧ High precipitation & moderate temps year round ❧ Trees: spruce, fir, redwood ❧ Animals: flying squirrel, bears, insects, cougars, birds – northern spotted owl ❧ Threats: development ❧ Planet Earth Seasonal Forest: Forest Biomes ❧Tropical Rain Forest continued ❧ Plants: buttress root trees, orchids, epiphytes, etc. ❧ Animals: parrots, monkeys, snakes, tons of insects ❧ Soil is nutrient poor b/c decomposition happens so fast & all the plants suck up nutrients Layers : Forest Biomes ❧Tropical Rain Forest continued ❧ Provides food & medicines ❧ Biodiversity fact: tropical rainforest covers <7% of Earth’s surface, but contains 50% of all plant & animal species Tropical Rainforest Human Planet: Jungles Forest Biomes ❧Tropical Rain Forest continued ❧ Threats: logging, agriculture, & oil exploration ❧ Plants & animals face habitat loss & poaching ❧ Years of Living Dangerously Grassland Biomes 1. Temperate Grassland ❧ Interior of North America (prairies), South America & Asia ❧ Moderate rainfall, but too little for trees ❧ Lightning-caused fires in summer ❧ Root systems form dense layers to survive drought & fire ❧ Soil is very fertile! Grassland Biomes ❧Temperate Grassland cont. ❧Animals: antelope, bison, badgers, prairie dogs, burrowing owls, hawks ❧Threats: farming & overgrazing → soil erosion ❧ Dust bowl 1930s Grassland Biomes 2. Savanna (tropical grassland) ❧ Parts of Africa, South America, India, & Australia ❧ Rain falls in spring & late-fall; drought in between ❧ Plants: adapted to survive drought ❧ Lose leaves; body parts die off except for near ground ❧ Large, horizontal root system to collect water Grassland Biomes ❧Savanna cont. ❧Animals: lots of big herbivores ❧ Elephants, giraffe, antelopes, zebra, wildebeest, rhinos ❧ Predators: lions, cheetahs, hyenas, crocs, snakes Grassland Biomes 3. Tundra ❧ Found in northern arctic regions ❧ Winters too cold & dry for trees to grow ❧ Has permafrost: permanently frozen soil layer ❧ Plants: mosses & lichens ❧ Dwarf shrubs – keeps plants out of wind & increased area for sunlight Grassland Biomes ❧Tundra cont. ❧ Animals: mosquitoes!, migratory birds, caribou, wolves, moose, mice, hares, foxes, polar bear ❧ Threats: oil – pollution & habitat destruction Desert Biomes Desert = Low Precipitation 1. Tropical Desert ❧ Ex: Sahara desert in Africa ❧ Temperature changes during day: 100°F + in day to cool at night; daytime temps hot all year long ❧ Very few plants Desert Biomes 2. Temperate Desert ❧ North & South America, Asia, Australia ❧ Daytime temps high in summer, low in winter ❧ Plants: adapted to obtaining & conserving H2O ❧ Cacti: thick, fleshy stems that store water; leaves have waxy cuticle Desert Biomes ❧Desert cont. ❧ Animals: some mammals, snakes, lizards, tortoises ❧ Have thick skin to prevent water loss ❧ Amphibians burrow & go dormant during “dry” season ❧ Most are nocturnal Desert Biomes 3. Cold Desert ❧ Ex: China’s Gobi Desert ❧ Winters are quite cold, summers are warm/hot ❧ Animals: lizards, gazelle, bactrian camel Aquatic Life Zones ❧ ❧ Freshwater ecosystems – lakes, rivers, wetlands (marshes & swamps) ❧ Marine ecosystems – coastal marshes, estuaries, coral reefs, ocean ❧ Abiotic factors that affect life : temperature, light, dissolved oxygen, nutrients Freshwater Ecosystems ❧ ❧ Wetlands – areas of land covered with fresh water for at least part of the year ❧ Important b/c: ❧ Remove pollutants & improve water quality ❧ Control flooding ❧ Home for native & migratory wildlife Marine Ecosystems ❧ ❧ Estuaries –where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean ❧ Home for many organisms, very productive ❧ Animals : fish, dolphins, manatees, otters, crabs, birds ❧ Threats: pollution, human development Marine Ecosystems ❧ ❧ Coral reefs – areas where coral animals build skeletons & support thousands of organisms (= high biodiversity) ❧ Found in shallow, clear tropical waters ❧ Threats: Coral bleaching – high water temperatures causes coral to die Marine Ecosystems ❧ ❧Ocean ❧ Open ocean – phytoplankton perform photosynthesis → eaten by zooplankton → eaten by fish ❧ Deep ocean is dark, cold ❧ Supports decomposers, filter feeders ❧ Threats: pollution (runoff, city waste), overfishing, global warming Aquatic Biomes Review ❧ Aquatic biomes are divided into two major types: marine (saltwater) & freshwater Aquatic Biomes: Marine & Freshwater High O , Low CO b/c of photosynthesis ❧ Generally divided into three layers: ❧ Surface ❧ Middle ❧ Bottom ❧ Environmental factors (temperature, sunlight, dissolved oxygen) vary among the layers ❧ 2 2 Freshwater Biomes ❧❧ Provides many services: ❧ Includes: ❧ Standing bodies of H2O: lakes, ponds, wetlands ❧ Flowing H2O: rivers, streams ❧ Wetlands: marshes, swamps, floodplains ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ nutrient cycling groundwater recharge food, drinking water electricity Transportation Recreation Employment etc. Freshwater Biomes: Lake Zones ❧ ❧ Top layer = littoral zone ❧ 2nd layer = limnetic zone ❧ Open, sunlit water ❧ 3rd layer = profundal zone ❧ Cool, dark water ❧ Bottom = benthic zone Marin e Biome s ❧ ❧ Covers 71% of Earth’s surface ❧ ~250,000 plant & animal species ❧ Performs climate control, CO2 absorption ❧ Provides food, medicines, recreation, employment, etc. Coastal Marine Biomes ❧ ❧ Estuary: area where saltwater mixes w/ freshwater & nutrients from rivers & runoff from land ❧ Includes: ❧ Inlets, bays, sounds, mangrove swamps, & salt marshes ❧ Is a harsh environment b/c of changes in temp, salinity, etc. due to tides Coastal Marine Biomes ❧ Coral reef: complex ❧ ecosystem that forms in clear, warm tropical coastal waters ❧ High biodiversity ❧ Vulnerable due to sensitivity to temperature changes & pollution → coral bleaching Marine Biome: Open Ocean ❧ ❧ Based on sunlight, divided into 3 layers: ❧ Euphotic zone: upper zone of ocean where photosynthesis occurs ❧ High O2, low nutrients (except where brought up from bottom) ❧ Have large, fast fish like tuna & sharks ❧ Bathyal Zone: middle zone of ocean ❧ Abyssal Zone: bottom zone of ocean ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ Dark & cold Low O2, high nutrients Includes hydrothermal vents Organisms adapted to low light, high pressure ❧ Ecological Succession ❧= gradual process of change of species in a community over time ❧Organisms occupy a site & change the environmental so that other organisms can come in ❧Two types of succession: ❧ Primary ❧ Secondary ❧ Primary succession - occurs on lifeless, rocky ground (such as after volcano); steps: 1. Pioneer species arrive (lichens): don’t need soil to survive 2. Lichens die & decompose → organic matter mixes with rock to start making soil 3. Mosses & ferns can grow in new soil → die & add more nutrients to soil 4. Grasses & wildflowers can move in → die & add more nutrients to soil 5. Shrubs & trees can survive 6. End in Climax community Climax Community lots of hardwood, shade-loving trees ❧Secondary Succession - occurs after a disturbance (flood, fire, etc.) ❧Disturbance can be by nature, animals, or humans (forestry, agriculture, construction) ❧ Soil & seeds still present, so takes shorter amount of time ❧ Start with grasses → herbs, shrubs, small trees → hardwood trees (climax community) Is Disturbance Good? ❧ Mild disturbance helps set back super competitors & allows other species to live ❧ Some ecosystems are adapted to disturbances (long-leaf pine!) ❧ Need fire to germinate seeds or to open cones ❧ Management now includes disturbances – controlled burns