* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 4 Notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Succession in Ecosystems SOL BIO 9c What do you mean by environment? The environment is made up of two factors: Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents) Habitat vs. Niche Niche - the role a species plays in a community (job) Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address) Habitat vs. Niche A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor. Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment. Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors- •Amount of water •Amount of food •Temperature Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- two species living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism Symbiotic Relationships Commensalismone species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called aerophyte, air plant. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalismone species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria Symbiotic Relationships Parasitismone species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- parasite-host Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks,tapeworm Symbiotic Relationships Mutualismbeneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp Symbiotic Relationships Mutualismbeneficial to both species Ex. lichen Type of Species relationship harmed Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism = 1 species Species benefits Species neutral Successiona series of changes in a community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones Primary successioncolonization of new sites by communities of organisms – takes place on bare rock Primary successionNew bare rock comes from 2 sources: 1. volcanic lava flow cools and forms rock Primary successionNew bare rock comes from 2 sources: 2. Glaciers retreat and expose rock Pioneer organismsthe first organisms to colonize a new site Ex: lichens are the first to colonize lava rocks Primary SuccessionRock Climax communitya stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession Climax communityEx: In most of Virginia, the climax community would be a deciduous oak–hickory forest Primary succession- Secondary successionsequence of community changes that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disaster or human actions – takes place on existing soil Secondary successionEx: A fire levels portions of a forest Secondary successionEx: A farmer plows his field Secondary succession- Secondary succession- Pond Succession Pond Succession Land Biomes Biome- geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems Land Biomes The 6 most common biomes are: Tundra Taiga Temperate Deciduous Forest Tropical Rain Forest Grassland Desert Land Biomes Water Biomes The limiting factors in water biomes are: Amount of salt (salinity) Amount of dissolved oxygen Sunlight 2 Types of Water Biomes Freshwater Rivers and Streams Lakes and Ponds Saltwater Ocean Estuaries Seashores (tidal areas)