Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Growth hormone therapy wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
The Endocrine System Trillions of body cells must interact with one another since no cell operates in isolation. Both the endocrine system & neurons work together in our bodies to allow this interaction of cells. Glands of the Endocrine System A) What is the Endocrine System? The Endocrine System achieves control of the body functions through chemical substances (hormones), which are transported throughout the body in the blood. Chemical coordination in animals involves: 1. 2. 3. Hormone Analogy: B) Hormones HORMONES are chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body. The word hormone comes from the Greek “hormon” meaning to excite or set into motion. Endocrine hormones – o Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the _________. o Each hormone regulates one or more reactions in the body. o Most hormones are __________. These chemical messengers travel to a target organ, tissue or cell and ___________________. Instead they attach to receptors on the cell membrane which causes enzymes to become activated inside the cell. o Other hormones are ____________. They are able to ________________ and enter the __________ where they can activate certain genes. o This site must have the appropriate receptors on its membrane in order to be able to respond to the specific hormones. Endocrine glands – Exocrine glands – o Hormone action is _______________ impulses being sent throughout the body. Hormones involve a sustained adaptation to change, i.e. growth, blood sugar level. o The nervous system, on the other hand, involves swift reactions to stimuli. i.e. Moving a finger off a hot iron. o ____________ is the only hormone whose action is considered to be immediate as it is functional in life threatening situations. • • Usually hormone action is slower. • e.g. insulin alters the cell membrane to allow glucose easier passage into the cell and to activate enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen The number of receptors found on an individual cell may vary. • e.g. liver & muscle cells have many receptor sites for insulin. There are fewer receptor sites on less active cells like bone cells. Different Types of Hormones: Steroid Hormones and how they work Homeostasis & Negative Feedback Loops Homeostasis – We must be able to respond to stress and respond in a self-preserving manner. Homeostatic systems operate by means of _____________________. These are a series of small repeated responses to a stimulus. Each response becomes a new stimulus. These ultimately reduce the initial stimulus or its effects. Parts of a negative feedback system: Hormone production is something that must be regulated. Once the hormone produces the desired effect, hormone production must be halted (negative feedback loop). Example: Regulation of Urine Production via ADH A positive feedback loop is also possible – E) The Hypothalamus The hypothalamus gland regulates the ___________________ (the master gland), through 1) _______________________ from the brain or 2) release of ________________________. In response to either mechanism, the pituitary then stimulates an endocrine gland to secrete a hormone. High levels of this hormone will eventually trigger a negative feedback that will affect the activity of the hypothalamus. Differs from other glands in that it synthesizes hormones called ___________________. These travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and signal another specific hormone to be released. Examples: F) The Pituitary Gland “Master Gland” because Connected by a stalk to the _________________ (area of the brain associated with homeostasis). The pituitary has 2 lobes: 1) Posterior Pituitary - Stores & releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the ________________________. ADH (Vasopressin) Oxytocin - - - 2) Anterior Pituitary - Unlike the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary ____________ _______________________! - The hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary by ______________________. Summary of Pituitary Hormones Hormone Posterior Lobe Anterior Lobe Primary Function The Adrenal Glands Located above each ______________. Each adrenal gland is made up of two glands encased in a The inner gland is the ___________________. The outer casing is the __________________. Adrenal medulla – regulated by _________________ Adrenal cortex – regulated by _________________ shell. 1) Adrenal Medulla - Produces - In a _______________ situation, adrenaline & noradrenaline are released from the medulla into the blood. This causes symptoms of the ___________________ response. - The release of adrenaline is caused by the stimulation of the ____________________________. This is the part of the nervous system that responds to stressful situations. 2) Adrenal Cortex - Regulates _________________________________________ - Produces three different types of hormones: 1) Glucocorticoids Most important of these: _________________ - Function is to increase - Increased glucose levels help with ___________________. Any amino acids not converted are available for protein synthesis. Proteins are also used for cell recovery. 2) Mineralocorticoids Most important of these: ______________________ - Increases ___________________ and _____________________ by the kidney; therefore maintaining body fluid levels. - Remember Bio 20: The nephron!!! 3) Small amounts of sex hormones known as ___________________ The Pancreas Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar o As part of ____________________, the body keeps your body glucose concentration within a acceptable range. Contains 2 types of cells: - One type produces digestive enzymes (exocrine glands). Studied these in Biology 20. - Second type produces hormones (endocrine glands). We will be focusing on these cells in Biology 30. The hormone producing cells of the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans. There are two types of islet cells: 1) 2) Islet cells produce two hormones: 1) INSULIN 2) GLUCAGON Summary diagram Negative Feedback Loops Diabetes 1) Diabetes Mellitus o Diabetes mellitus is a genetic disorder associated with _______________________________________________. o Without adequate insulin, blood sugar levels tend to _______ sharply following meals. o Diabetes mellitus is also called ____________________ , meaning too much sugar. (____________________ – too little sugar) o Symptoms include: -________________________ . Even though there is a lot of glucose in the blood, since there are inadequate amounts of insulin, the cells of the body are unable to become _______________________. As a result there are ______ levels of glucose in the body cells. Cells of diabetics are often starved of energy and as a result their bodies turn to ________________ to metabolize o There are two forms of diabetes mellitus: 1) Type I diabetes/____________________________ Caused by early degeneration of the ________________. Only treated by _________________________. Symptoms occur suddenly before the age of _____ when there is insufficient production of insulin. Can lead to _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Run the risk of becoming _________________(low blood sugar levels), if they inject too much insulin or do not eat enough carbohydrates. This is why they should always carry candies or sources of sugar in case of this. This can lead to death. 2) Type II diabetes/ ______________________________ Occurs mostly after age _______. These people are often _______________ and account for ______ of the known cases of diabetes mellitus. These people have abnormally _______________________ on target tissues, but the level of insulin is normal in their bodies. Because of this, the cells of these individuals literally starve, they may eventually suffer from brain damage and even death if the condition goes untreated. When sugars cannot be utilized, more _______ are mobilized resulting in more ____________ in the blood. When the ketones accumulate faster than they can be used, the blood pH drops, resulting in _________________ and ketones begin to spill into the urine. This severe condition can lead to coma or death. Can be treated with oral drugs called sulfonamides. The Thyroid Located at Double lobed. Produces THYROXINE – Hypersecretion of thyroxine: Hyposecretion of thyroxine: Negative Feedback Loop The thyroid also produces a hormone called _____________________. The Parathyroid There are ________ parathyroid glands located within the thyroid. Produce ______________________________________. PTH promotes ________________________________________________ PTH also promotes ____________________________________________ Feedback Loops Draw feedback loops for the following hormonal systems: 1. Stress Hormones (cortisol) 2. Blood sugar regulators (insulin/glucagon) 3. Metabolism (thyroid) 4. Growth Regulators (hGH) 5. Water regulators (ADH, aldosterone) 6. Calcium regulators (PTH, calcitonin) 7. Circadian cycle (melotonin) L) Dysfunctions of the Endocrine System 1) Anterior Pituitary hGH Dwarfism Gigantism Acromegaly 2) Posterior Pituitary ADH Diabetes Insipidus 3) Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Cretinism Adults with Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) Adults with Hyperthyroidism Graves’ Disease Goitre 4) Pancreas Insulin Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Mellitus Type II