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Transcript
Laboratory Performance Test • • • • • Evaluate lab skills developed throughout the year Must be taken before the written exam Accounts for 15% of overall regents exam grade Consists of three stations Allotted 9 minutes to complete the tasks associated with each station Minerals • Mineral: naturally occurring substance with a unique crystalline structure and chemical composition • Identification based on: – Luster: metallic or non-metallic – Hardness: resistance to being scratched; measured on the Mohs scale – Cleavage or fracture: how the mineral breaks – Streak: colored powder, if any, left behind after mineral is rubbed on a surface – Acid test: bubbles result if calcium carbonate is present Streak: is the color of the mineral in powdered form How to test for streak: Rub the mineral on an unglazed white or black ceramic tile Luster the way a mineral shines in reflected light The mineral on the left has a metallic luster, the one on the right, a nonmetallic luster The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Luster how light reflects off a mineral metallic non-metallic looks like a metal looks earthy, waxy, greasy C. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Breakage How a mineral breaks apart a. Cleavage: The mineral breaks in a predictable pattern. It is a clean break which leaves smooth sides. b. Fracture: the mineral breaks randomly Hardness resistance to being scratched a. How to test: scratch mineral on glass If the mineral does not scratch glass its soft If the mineral does scratch glass its hard LUSTER- Now you try… NON-METALLIC LUSTER- Now you try… NON-METALLIC LUSTER- Now you try… METALLIC CLEAVAGE OR FRACTURE CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE OR FRACTURE CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE OR FRACTURE FRACTURE Igneous Rocks • Igneous rock: formed from cooled and hardened magma (intrusive) or lava (extrusive) • Intrusive: formed inside earth – coarse grained and large crystals INTERGROWN MINERAL CRYSTALS • Extrusive: formed outside earth – GLASSY TEXTURE appearance (obsidian) – VESICULAR OR GAS POCKETS (pumice) – fine grained and small crystals (basalt) Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rock: generally formed from compaction & cementation of smaller rocks and/or sediments • Generally formed in aquatic environments • Key characteristics: – VISIBLE SEDIMENTS, OTHER ROCKS, CLASTS, OR SHELLS (such as sand, pebbles, silt, and cobbles) – FOSSILS MAY BE PRESENT Metamorphic Rocks • Metamorphic rock: formed when existing rocks undergo intense heat and pressure • Generally formed deep in lithosphere • Key characteristics: – FOLIATION: thin layering due to mineral alignment – BANDING OR ZEBRA STRIPES: type of foliation where minerals are separated into bands If you see freckles or speckles it is…. Igneous…why Intergrown Mineral Crystals What type of rock is this?? Sedimentary…why I see fossils What type of rock is this?? Sedimentary…why I see shells, fragments Zebra Stripes…What type of rock is this?? Metamorphic…why Banding or foliation Holey Not Schist…What type of rock is this?? Igneous…why Vesicular or gas pockets What type of rock is this?? Sedimentary…why I see rocks in this rock, fragments, or clasts What type of rock is this?? Igneous…why Glassy Texture Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • Ellipse: oval; elongated circle with two centers called foci – the shape of all planetary orbits in our solar system • Eccentricity: degree of ovalness Foci Major Axis Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • Eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis distance between foci length of major axis Eccentricity is: – Never less than zero or greater than 1 – Unitless – Rounded to the nearest thousandths (0.000), so look at the ten thousandths place 0.0000 YOU MUST MEASURE TO THE NEAREST .1 OF A CENTIMETER!! An ellipse FOCI Common error MAJOR AXIS Eccentricity 5.0 = -------------------------- Eccentricity 5.0 = -------------------- = 9.2 cm .5434= e=.543 Eccentricity 5.0 = -------------------- = 9.2 cm Compare the eccentricity of the asteroid to the orbit of Earth. e=.543 Eccentricity 5.0 cm = -------------------- = 9.2 cm Compare the eccentricity of the asteroid to the orbit of Earth. .543 Eccentricity 1. If this were the Earth’s orbit, where would the Sun be located? 2. Where would the Earth’s orbital velocity be the fastest? SUN Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • Eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis For Example: 0.005 – 0.0049= rounds to _____________ For Example: 0.004 – 0.0042= rounds to _____________ For Example: – 0.0049= rounds to Common error Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity Remember: • The ellipse represents the shape of the path a planet travels around the sun • The sun is one of the two foci • The greater the eccentricity, the more oval the ellipse Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • The elliptical shape of an orbit causes the distance from the sun to the planet to change • When a planet is far from • When a planet is close to the sun: the sun: – Gravitational attraction decreases – Apparent diameter decreases – Orbital velocity decreases – Gravitational attraction increases – Apparent diameter increases – Orbital velocity increases Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake How do you find the epicenter of an earthquake? 1. Determine the arrival of the p-wave and the s-wave. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake 2. Find the DIFFERENCE between the arrival of the p-wave and the arrival of the s-wave. 11:05 a.m. -11:01 a.m. 4 minutes WHAT DO YOU DO WITH THIS NUMBER?!?!? Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake • Difference between the arrival times was 4 minutes • MEASURE AND MATCH!! • The distance to the epicenter is… 2600 km Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake • What does the circle surrounding Boise, Idaho represent? 2,600 km Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake How many cities do you need in order to find the epicenter of an earthquake 3!!! -Why? -Because you need the circles to intersect and that can only happen with 3 cities. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Can you tell where the epicenter of the earthquake is from this information? Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Where is the epicenter of this earthquake? Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake OH NO!!! What do you do if this happens? Simply place the X in the middle of the triangle Earthquakes and Epicenters • Epicenter: location on earth’s surface directly above the focus (where the earthquake originates) • Distance to the epicenter can be determined if the travel times of the P- and S-waves are known • Lagtime: difference in travel time between the P- and S-waves Earthquakes and Epicenters Earthquakes and Epicenters Lag time: 6 minutes Earthquakes and Epicenters Lag time: 6 minutes Earthquakes and Epicenters Lag time: 6 minutes Earthquakes and Epicenters Lag time: 6 minutes 4,400 km Earthquakes and Epicenters Earthquakes and Epicenters • To locate the earthquake’s epicenter, a minimum of three seismic stations are needed • With one station, there are many possible epicenters Station 1 Earthquakes and Epicenters • With two stations, there are only two possible epicenters Station 2 Station 1 Earthquakes and Epicenters • With three stations, there is only one possible epicenters Station 3 Station 2 Station 1 In Summary… • Be prepared for test day – Get supplies together the night before – Get a good nights sleep and breakfast • Start studying now • If you don’t understand a topic, ask for help before the test • Practice test taking strategies • During the exam: Take your time and read carefully • Check your work if time is left • Relax and take a deep breath!