Download Chapter 15: The Civil War

Ch 15: The Civil War
Sec. 1: The Call to Arms
The North
• After Ft. Sumter, Lincoln decl rebellion
existed in the S
• Asked governors to raise 75K trps
• Men in N eagerly volunteered
• Some states wanted to send more than
Lincoln requested
More States Secede
• TN, KY, MO, MD, DE didn’t send trps
• Other states decided to secede after
Lincoln asked for trps
• VA, AK, TN, NC joined Confederacy
• 50 counties in Western VA had little
support for slavery
• Seceded from VA
• 1863, admitted to Union as WV
Border States
• Border states: states that didn’t secede
(DE, MD, MO, KY, WV)
• Loyalties divided
• Many in MO, KY, & MD supported S
• KY & MO important to controlling OH &
MS R
• Needed to hold onto MD so DC wouldn’t
be surrounded by Confederacy
• KY declared itself neutral (not taking
sides)
• KY supported N once it was invaded by
Confederacy
• Lincoln had to send in trps to retain ctrl of
MO
• MD—S sympathizers destroyed RR &
telegraph lines
• Lincoln placed E MD under martial law
(rule in which military is in charge &
citizens’ rights are suspended)
Southern Advantages
• Knew territory (most fighting would be in
S) & had local support
• Most experienced US military ldrs were
from S incl Robert E. Lee (who Lincoln
asked to lead Union army)
• General Lee led the Conf trps during the
Civil War
Northern Advantages
• Most factories in N
• 2X as much RR track & farmland as S
• 2/3 of US pop in N and in S 1/3 of pop was
made up of slaves—N could have larger
army
Northern Strategy
• 1. blockade S. seaports
– Preventing traffic from entering or leaving an
area
• 2. gain ctrl of MS R—main transportation
route for S—would split S in ½
• 3. invade Richmond (Conf cap) loc 100 mi
from DC
Southern Strategy
• 1. defend land until N gave up
• 2. rely on Br need for cotton to win foreign
support—cotton diplomacy
Americans against Americans
•
•
•
•
•
•
War broke families apart
Lincoln’s brothers-in-law fought for Conf
½ N trps were farmers, ¼ were immigrants
¾ S white males served Conf
2/3 N males served
Some soldiers were only 14
First Battle of Bull Run
• Gen McDowell led Union
• Wanted X to train soldiers but N
newspapers demanded quick capture of
Richmond
• Trps marched into VA July 1861
• Union & Conf trps met @ Bull Run R 7/21
• S trps rallied under lead of Stonewall
Jackson
• Poorly trained Union trps panicked & fled
A Soldier’s Life
• Most spent ¾ X in camp
• Training took up to 10 hrs/day
• Also stood guard, wrote letters, gathered
firewood, ate hard tack
• Camp conditions difficult, esp in bad
weather (muddy roads & fields)
• Lack of clean H20
• Diseases often made men too sick to fight
Prisoners of War
• Both sides built prison camps
• 10% of soldiers that died during war were
in prison camps
• Worst camps @ Elmira, NY, &
Andersonville, GA
• @ Elmira, had 2X as many prisoners as
camp designed to hold, served only bread
& H2O, some ate rats to survive
• @ Andersonville, 35K men lived in field
designed for 10K, as many as 100
died/day
Sec 2: Early Years of the War
New Technology in the War
• New rifles & cannons were more accurate
& had greater range
• Could be loaded faster
• Both sides used ironclads (warships
covered w/ protective iron plates)
• Monitor v. Merrimack: famous battle @
sea
• Marked end of wooden ship use
War in the East
• Gen McClellan put in charge of Union trps
after Bull Run
• Good organizer but cautious
• Began advancing towards Richmond in
Mar ’62
• Thought he needed more trps so he
hesitated (even though his were better
trained & outnumbered Conf)
• Gave CSA X to get reinforcements
• Stopped Union advance & by June forced
McClellan to retreat
• Led Lee to decide to invade N
• Hoped victory on Union soil would boost Conf
morale & turn N against war
• Led trps into MD
• McClellan learned Conf battle plan when it was
found by a Union soldier
• Attacked @ Antietam Creek, MD, Sept 17, 1862
• Bloodiest single day of Civil War
• Union suffered 12K casualties & Conf suffered
14K casualties
• Prob: McClellan didn’t press advantage by
pursuing Lee
• N claimed victory b/c Lee retreated
War in the West
•
•
•
•
Union led by Gen Grant
Took chances unlike McClellan
By 1862, seized most of MS R
Apr 1862, Conf trps surprised Union @
Battle of Shiloh (near Corinth, MS, major
Conf RR center in W TN & close to MS R)
• Apr 26, Union fleet under David Farragut
captured New Orleans
• By summer, almost entire MS R under
Union ctrl
Sec 3: The Emancipation
Proclamation
Emancipating the Enslaved
•
•
•
•
@ 1st, Lincoln resisted ending slavery
Knew most Ners didn’t want to
Afraid border states would secede
Lincoln’s main goal in fighting the Civil
War: restore Union
• Gradually began to change mind
• Knew slavery was important to S war effort
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipate: to free
• Issued 1/1/1863
• Had little immediate effect—only freed slaves in
states fighting Union (not border states)
• Union had no power in Confederacy &
proclamation didn’t apply to places already under
Union ctrl
• Criticism: some abolitionists wanted it to apply to
whole country
• S accused Lincoln of trying to cause slave revolt
• Pro: Union soldiers enthusiastic b/c it would
weaken S army
Effects of Emancipation
Proclamation
• Changed Civil War into struggle for
freedom
• No longer just about saving nation
• Hurt S’s ability to get Br support
• Br wouldn’t support any gov’t fighting to
keep ppl enslaved
• United Afr Am in support of Union
African Americans Volunteer for
Service
• Proclamation encouraged Afr Am to enlist in
Union army
• 189K served in Union army or navy
• Risks: if captured by Confederacy, risked
becoming slaves or killed (not POWs)
• Separated from whites in army & earned less
$
• 54th MA Infantry led attack on Ft. Wagner, SC
• Noncombat roles: Union cooks, wagon
drivers, hospital aides
Resisting Slavery
• Slaves provided military & other info to
Union armies
• Worked slowly, damaged equipment on
plantations
• Refused to work if slaveholders were off
fighting war
Sec 4: The Civil War &
American Life
Division in the South
• GA & NC had strongest opposition to war
in S
• Regions w/ lg slaveholding plantations
supported war more than poorer regions
• Support for states’ rights created other div
• SC’s gov didn’t want SC trps led by
officers from other states
• NC & GA didn’t force men to serve in mil
Division in the North
• Many opposed Emancipation
Proclamation
• Believed S had rt to secede
• Copperheads: N Dems opposed to war
• Criticized war & called for peace w/
Confederacy
Dealing with Disruptions
• Some encouraged soldiers to desert
• Some in N helped Conf prisoners escape
• Some tried to prevent men from
volunteering & enc desertion
• To deal w/ prob, both Lincoln & J. Davis
(Conf pres) suspended habeas corpus in
some places
– Constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment
Draft Laws
• Btwn 300K & 500K Union & Conf trps
deserted
• Ea side est draft (required military service)
• Exceptions: wealthy could escape fighting
• S: didn’t have to serve if owned 20 slaves
• Both sides could hire substitutes
• N: could avoid draft by paying gov’t $300
• Led to draft riots in N
Economic Problems
• N had shortage b/c factory wrkrs were drafted
• Cong levied income tax to pay for war (tax on $
ppl receive)
• Printed 1st paper $ to help pay expenses
• Led to inflation (general rise in prices)
• S—shortages caused by blockade made goods
more expensive
• Higher inflation than N
• S food production decreased—led to riots
• Slaves’ things taken by Conf soldiers
Women
•
•
•
•
•
•
Disguised selves & served in both armies
Became spies
Took over businesses, farms, plantations
Did factory work
Took gov’t jobs, esp in S
Tchrs, nurses
Sec 5: Decisive Battles
Confederate Victories
• After Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan
w/ Gen Burnside
• Ordered charges against Conf
• Lost to Lee @ Fredericksburg, VA
• Lincoln replaced Burnside w/ Gen Hooker
• May ’63, army smashed @
Chancellorsville by Conf, but Stonewall
Jackson wounded & died few days l8r
Gettysburg
• Union army now ctrld by Gen Meade
• Lee marched trps into PA
• July 1, approached Gettysburg (looking for
shoes)
• Encountered Meade’s army
• 85K Union against 75K Conf
• July 3, Lee ordered all-out attack
• Conf Gen Pickett led 15K soldiers across
Cemetery Ridge
• About 7,500 wounded in Pickett’s Charge
• Conf suffered 28K casualties during 3-day
battle (1/3 of trps)
• July 4, Lee surrendered
• Significance
– Major Union victory
– Convinced Br that S couldn’t win war
– Last battle fought on Union soil
Vicksburg
• One of last Conf cities on Miss R
• Surrendered to Gen Grant July 4, 1863
• Union army had laid 6 wk siege (attempt
to capture place by surrounding it w/ mil
forces & cutting it off until ppl inside
surrender)
Gettysburg Address
• Issued Nov 1863
• 15K gathered to honor those who died in
Gettysburg
• Lincoln issued Gettysburg Address—det to
have Union win
Grant v. Lee
• 1864 Grant put in charge of all Union trps
• Cont to attack Lee b/c he knew Union
army had steady stream of men & supplies
unlike Lee
• June 1864, laid siege to Petersburg, VA—
important RR center
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Union army under Gen Sherman
advanced toward Atlanta (helped Lincoln
get reelected)
• Total war: all-out attacks aimed @
destroying an enemy’s army, resources, &
will to fight
• Nov ordered burning of Atlanta
• Left path of destruction 60 mi wide
• Feb marched toward Carolinas
• Lincol’s 2nd Inaugural Address: asked to
bind up nation’s wounds
Appomattox Courthouse
•
•
•
•
Apr 2, 1865: Richmond ctrld by Union
Lee retreated to Appomattox Courthouse
Apr 9, Lee surrendered
Surrender terms: Conf had to give up
weapons & leave in peace
Toll
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bloodiest conflict fought by US
260K Conf soldiers died
360K Union soldiers died, incl 27K Afr Am
½ mil wounded
2 results: reunited nation, ended slavery
Other consequences: bitterness btwn N &
S cont to exist for many yrs, S states now
had to be readmitted & rebuilt, Constitution
amended