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Chapter 9: Section 3
The Crusades
The Crusades
Series of wars beginning in 1096 and
lasting for about 200 years.
Muslims and Christians fought for
control over the Middle East – the Holy
Land.
Alexius I (Byzantine Empire)
asks
Pope Urban II to help get rid of the
Turks (Muslim).
Council of Clermont (1095)
“From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople
comes a grievous report. An accursed
race…has violently invaded the lands of those
Christians and has depopulated them by pillage
and fire.”
“Both knights and footmen, both rich and
poor….must strive to help expel the Turks from
our Christian lands before it is too late…Christ
commands it. Remission of sins will be
granted…”
“GOD WILLS IT!”
Why did the Pope want the Crusades?
- increase his power
- hoped Christians would fight Muslims
not each other
- Knights want to win wealth and land
- Knights want adventure
Christians win Jerusalem.
Christians massacre Muslims and Jews in
the area.
Second Crusade
- Christians lose
Jerusalem to
Muslims.
- Muslim military leader
SALADIN
Third Crusade
- Christians fail to
regain Jerusalem
- Saladin allows
Christians to visit
Jerusalem.
Fourth Crusade
• Crusaders sack Constantinople – looting
and pillaging
• Meanwhile, Muslims take over Jerusalem
and massacre the Christians
IMPACT OF CRUSADES
• Hatred between Catholics, Muslims and
Orthodox Christians
• Trade increases and expands (Europeans
love Middle Eastern products)
• Serfdom slowly disappears ($ is key!)
• Monarchs more powerful
• Pope’s power is high at first, but loses
quickly
RECONQUISTA
• Spain’s attempt to “reconquer” Spain for
the Catholics
• Ferdinand and Isabella rule Spain
– Huge supporters of Catholic Church
– INQUISTION – church court that accuses
people of heresy
• JEWS and MUSLIMS left Spain, converted or were
killed.
• 150,000 people left Spain – ruins economy and
culture
Section 4
Learning and Culture Flourish
Medieval Universities
• Cathedral schools  first universities
• Better educated clergy
• Women and Universities
– Not allowed to attend university
–Limits types of jobs and skills acquired
–Christine de Pizan –
»earned $ through writing  very
unusual
“New Learning”
• Muslim manuscripts that were translated
into Latin are coming to Europe
• Philosophy –
• Christians believe on faith; Church is final
authority
– Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica = faith
and reason live in harmony
- Very little scientific advances; all knowledge
must fit with Church teaching
Medieval Literature
• Vernacular – everyday language of
common people (begins to be the way
people write)
• Epics - long narrative poems
• Dante’s Divine Comedy –
– Hell, purgatory and heaven
• Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
- follows pilgrims to Thomas Becket’s tomb; many
characters who tell a story each
Architecture and Art
Romanesque Style
Roman like structure
Long barrel like roof
Thick walls to support heavy roof
No windows
Dark and gloomy
Gothic Style
Flying buttresses (stone supports outside
church)
High walls (carries eye towards heavens)
Pointed arches
Huge stained glass windows
People began to build many –
gave inspiration
Art in Stone & Glass
-Carved sculptures portrays
scenes from Bible and
everyday life
- Rose window (circle
stained glass window in
front fascade)
-Stained-glass windows
Religious education for
the illiterate
Illuminated
manuscripts
-Gothic style applied
to painting and
illumination (artistic
decoration of books)
-Contains designs
and paintings of
biblical scenes and
daily life
- Bold and brilliant
colors; detail
Section 5:
A Time of Crisis
BLACK DEATH
Bubonic
Plague
- disease spread
by flees on rats
-Hit port cities first
-Kills about 1/3 of
the people in
Europe
Effects of Black Death
• Workers die  production decreases
• Less products = more demand = higher
prices
 Inflation – rising prices
• People can’t afford to farm or buy products
Upheaval in the Church
- 2-3 popes at a time
- schism – split in the
church
- Council at Constance
(1417)
- Chose one Pope for
Rome
Heretics
John Wycliffe
-Bible not Church
is the official
authority.
- Jan Hus
(follower) executed
Hundred Years’ War
• Fight over claim to land
• Economic rivalry
Causes • Growing national pride
• English have longbows; French have crossbows
English • French have Joan of Arc (leads the French against England)
v.
• French have cannon
French
Impact
•
•
•
•
•
Growing national feeling in France
French Kings expand power
English leaders need Parliament ($$$)
English begin to travel overseas.
Cannon changes fighting (no need for castle or knights)
English
longbow
French
Crossbow