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Chapter 5
Chapter 5 in your text is a review of biology from last year. Your task for this activity will be to
teach the rest of the class about your topic. You should have a presentation of the material (not
necessarily by a powerpoint) that includes some type of handout. Addtionally, after your
presentation, you should prepare a short quiz on your material. These worksheets and quizzes
will be used as a study guide for the entire class for the unit quiz on ____________ in class.
You will have 2 days to work on the activity in class with your assigned group. Presentations
will be on ____________. A class quiz will be the first class after the presentations. It might be
a good idea to bring your textbook to class for both working days so you can follow along with
the chapter and not leave out any important information. The outline below will help you focus
on the key concepts and information for you assigned topic. Remember that specific examples
help everyone understand information in the context of marine biology!
Group 1: Building Blocks of Life

Four main groups of large molecules are necessary for life. Carbohydrates supply energy
and some contribute to the structure of plants, fungi, algae, and some invertebrates. Lipids
function in the storage of energy, in insulation, buoyancy, and as chemical messengers.
Proteins provide structural materials for making many body parts. Enzymes are proteins that
function as catalysts, regulating the metabolism of cells, and as chemical messengers to
coordinate the activities of many cells. Nucleic acids are molecules that carry genetic
information and direct the synthesis of proteins.
 Carbohydrates
o Sugars
o Polysaccharides
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
o DNA
o RNA
Group 2: Cells

All living things are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membranebound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles.
The organelles found in eukaryotic cells perform specific functions within the cell, much like
organs within a multicellular organism. All cells reproduce by a process of cell division,
giving rise to new cells. In multicellular organisms, groups of like cells form tissues. Different
tissues combine to form organs, and organs can combine to form organ systems.
Chapter 5
Types of Cells
 Organelles
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Organelles Involved in Synthesis, Processing and Storage
o Organelles Involved in Energy Conversion
o Organelles of Movement
 Energy Transfer in Cells
o Photosynthesis
o Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Reproduction
o Cell Division in Prokaryotes
o Cell Division in Eukaryotes
 Levels of Organization
Group 3: Darwin and the Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859 in his book On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Darwin recognized that the amount of resources
necessary for survival is limited. His theory suggests that only those organisms possessing
adaptations that make them more successful in competing for resources will survive, whereas those
that cannot cope will die out. Natural selection functions by favoring the survival of individuals with
the combination of traits best suited to their particular place and time. These individuals are also the
most likely to reproduce successfully, passing their advantageous traits to their offspring. As
environments change, new sets of characteristics are favored. Over long periods, new
characteristics accumulate in populations, and new, better-adapted species gradually replace older
ones that are not as well adapted.
 Voyage of Discovery
 Formulating a Theory of Evolution
 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Group 4: Genes and Natural Selection

Although the genetic mechanisms that govern inheritance play a significant role in evolution, they
were unknown during Darwin’s time. The modern synthetic theory of evolution is basically Darwin’s
idea refined by modern genetics. The variations among sexually reproducing individuals in natural
populations occur because, in general, each individual possesses a unique combination of genes
and their alleles. Individuals that possess genes for traits that best adapt them to their environment
are the most likely to survive and reproduce, thus contributing more of their genes to the
population’s gene pool. Biological success is measured in terms of the number of genes an
organism contributes to the population.
 Modern Evolutionary Theory
 Role of Reproduction
o Asexual Reproduction
o Sexual Reproduction
o Meiosis
 Population Genetics
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Chapter 5
Group 5: New Species Evolve from Existing Species

In the past, a species was defined as a group of organisms with an observable set of
characteristics that was different from other, similar organisms. Today a species is defined
as one or more populations of potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups. New species may form when environmental or genetic
changes cause portions of a population to become reproductively isolated from the rest of
the group.
 Typological Definition of Species
 Modern Species Definition and Speciation
o Isolating Mechanisms that Prevent Fertilization (Pre-Zygotic Barriers)
o Isolating Mechanisms that Prevent Successful Reproduction Following
Fertilization (Post-Zygotic Barriers)
 Process of Speciation
Group 6: Linnaeus and Biological Classification

The science of taxonomy deals with naming, describing, and classifying organisms. The
categories in the taxonomic scheme are organized to reflect evolutionary relationships. The
broadest, most inclusive category is the domain. Organisms are subdivided into one of three
domains based on molecular and cellular characteristics. Organisms in the domain Eukarya
are placed into kingdoms based on several characteristics, such as cell type, number of
cells, and feeding type. Kingdoms are divided into progressively lessinclusive taxonomic
categories. From most inclusive to least inclusive, they are phylum, class, order, family,
genus, and species. A group of eukaryotes called protists are frequently placed into their
own kingdom, but these organisms are not related evolutionarily and are better treated as
separate phyla within the domain Eukarya.
 Binomial System of Naming
 Taxonomic Categories
o Early Schemes of Classification
o Modern Classification
 Domains
 Kingdoms
 Phyla
 Classes
 Orders
 Families
 Genera
 Species