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World Civilizations
French Revolution
1. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of
radical social and political upheaval in French and
European history
2. Aristocracy- Is a form of government in which a few
of the most prominent citizens rule
3. Louis XVI- the French king from 1774 to 1792
4. Marie Antoinette- The wife of King Louis XVI and, in
the French commoners’ eyes, the primary symbol of the
French royalty’s extravagance and excess.
5. By the 1780’s the French Government was nearly
bankrupt. The French banking system could not cope
with the fiscal problems, leaving the monarchy with no
choice but to increase taxes.
 Harvest of 1788- Bad harvest created widespread
famine and hunger across France and food riots in
Paris
 An Enlightenment desire to imitate the American
Revolution,
 The government's lavish spending, and an archaic
system of taxation which brought little money to the
national treasury though placing the tax burden upon
the Third Estate (in theory, all of the commoners; in
practice, the bourgeoisie), while virtually ignoring
the First Estate (the Clergy) and the Second Estate
(the Nobility).
 Fighting wars in America- French Indian &
American Revolution
.
6. Charles de Calonne- The controller general of finance
appointed by King Louis XVI. Calonne proposed a
daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor
to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on
land proportional to land values and a lessened tax
burden for peasants. The French nobility, however,
refused to pay these taxes.
The Three Estates
7.The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789
(French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first
meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a
general assembly representing the French estates of the
realm: the nobility, the Church, and the common people.
Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to
his government's financial problems
The First Estate- the clergy, had many privileges and
much wealth, and it levied an oppressive tax (the tithe)
on landowners.
The Second Estate- the nobility, also had great privileges,
wealth, and power, and it taxed the peasantry for its own
profit.
The Third Estate- the commoners, was a mixture of a few
rich members of the middle class (Bourgeoisie), urban
workers, and the mass of peasants. Bourgeoisie- The citydwelling middle class- made up of merchants,
manufacturers, and professional people such as doctors
and lawyers.
8. The Estates each had one vote, with the First (Clergy)
and Second (Nobles) usually voting against the Third
(Peasants).
9. The American Revolution had a profound effect on the
French Revolution. Many French soldiers served in
America and were impressed by the ideals of revolution,
liberty and the eradication of tyranny.
10. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to
new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and
inalienable rights.
11. The aspirations of the bourgeoisie were expressed by
Abbé Sieyès in a widely circulated pamphlet that implied
that the third estate and the nation were virtually
identical.
12. The dispute over voting in the Estates General led the
third estate to break away and form the National
Assembly, which pledged, in the Tennis Court Oath, not
to disband until they had written a new constitution.
13. In response to the legalization of the National
Assembly Louis XVI brings troops to Paris and
Versailles. Third Estate fears that the troops will drive
out the National Assembly by force.
14. Jacques Necker - Director General of finance fired by
Louis XVI in 1789; public outrage soon followed
15. The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris on the
14th of July, 1789- The Bastille was a symbol of alleged
royal tyranny and armory
16. The Great Fear Food shortages,
 Economic depression,
 Hopes aroused with the calling of the States-General
 Fear of an aristocratic conspiracy
Peasants pillaged and burned chateaus, destroying
records of feudal dues
*17. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenAugust, 1789-A fundamental document of the French
Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights
of all the estates of the realm as universal- Influenced by
the doctrine of natural rights, the rights of Man are
universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining
to human nature itself.
18. Jacobins- A radical or extreme leftist political groupThe group became extremely revolutionary under the
leadership of Maximilien Robespierre.
19. Girondins- represented the resistance of the provinces
to Parisian dominance, and opposition to the emerging
dictatorship and terror under Robespierre.
20. The National Assembly granted religious freedom to
Jews and Protestants, nationalized the property of the
church, and abolished the monasteries.
21. Outside France, liberals and radicals hoped that the
revolution would lead to a reordering of society
everywhere, but conservatives such as Burke predicted it
would lead to chaos and tyranny.
22. Fear among European kings and nobility that the
revolution would spread resulted in the Declaration of
Pillnitz (1791), which threatened the invasion of France
by Austria and Prussia.
23. Assembly's Antireligious Measures
Church lands were nationalized (1789)
Religious orders suppressed (1790)
The clergy required to swear to adhere to the state Controlled Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July, 1790)
24. In August of 1792 a revolutionary crowd attacked the
royal palace and the Legislative Assembly and
imprisoned the king.
25. The National Convention proclaimed France a
republic in 1792.
26. Louis XVI was tried and convicted of treason by the
National Convention and guillotined in early 1793.
27. Jean-Paul Marat- His journalism was renowned for its
fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the
new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic
reforms for the poorest members of society. Following
assassination, Marat was viewed as a hero of France.
28. The Reign of Terror (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794),
was a period of violence that occurred for one year and
one month after the onset of the French Revolution,
incited by conflict between rival political factions, the
Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass
executions of "enemies of the revolution."
29. In June 1793 the Girondins were themselves expelled
from the Convention and later killed.
30.Robespierre established a planned economy to wage
total war and aid the poor.
1. a. The government fixed prices on key products and
instituted rationing.
b. Workshops were nationalized to produce goods for
the war effort, and raw materials were requisitioned.
2. Under Robespierre, the Reign of Terror was
instituted to eliminate opposition to the Revolution, and
some 40,000 people were jailed or executed.
a. Robespierre cooperated with the san-culottes in
bringing about a state- controlled economy--particularly
fixing the price of bread.
b. An "emergency socialism" system of production
and manufacture arose.
31. After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the
Directory (An executive branch of five wealthy men)
assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held
power until 1799.
32. Concordat - 1801- Acknowledged Catholicism as the
religion of most French citizens did not abolish religious
toleration guaranteed by the Declaration of the Rights of
Man.
33. Universal Manhood Suffrage - Every adult male
could vote, whether he owned property or not.
34. Conscription - The draft - was invented to stop
invading countries that were against revolutionary
ideas.
35. December 2, 1804 - Napoleon becomes Emperor of
French Empire.
36. 1808 - Napoleon completely dominated Europe.
37. Nationalism - The attitude that the members of a
nation have when they care about their national identity.
38. 1812 - Napoleon begins his invasion of Russia.
39. Scorched - Earth Policy - The tactic of burning or
destroying crops and everything else that might be of
value to the invaders.
40. June 18, 1815 - Napoleon’s army is defeated at
Waterloo by British commander Duke of Wellington.
41. Revisionist historians challenge the traditional
interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution.
1. They argue that the bourgeoisie was not locked in
conflict with the nobility, that both groups were highly
fragmented.
a. The nobility remained fluid and relatively open.
b. Key sections of the nobility were liberal.
c. The nobility and the bourgeoisie were not economic
rivals.
2. Nevertheless, the old interpretation, that a new social
order was challenging the old, is still convincing and
valid.
The End. (: