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World Civilizations French Revolution 1. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history 2. Aristocracy- Is a form of government in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule 3. Louis XVI- the French king from 1774 to 1792 4. Marie Antoinette- The wife of King Louis XVI and, in the French commoners’ eyes, the primary symbol of the French royalty’s extravagance and excess. 5. By the 1780’s the French Government was nearly bankrupt. The French banking system could not cope with the fiscal problems, leaving the monarchy with no choice but to increase taxes. Harvest of 1788- Bad harvest created widespread famine and hunger across France and food riots in Paris An Enlightenment desire to imitate the American Revolution, The government's lavish spending, and an archaic system of taxation which brought little money to the national treasury though placing the tax burden upon the Third Estate (in theory, all of the commoners; in practice, the bourgeoisie), while virtually ignoring the First Estate (the Clergy) and the Second Estate (the Nobility). Fighting wars in America- French Indian & American Revolution . 6. Charles de Calonne- The controller general of finance appointed by King Louis XVI. Calonne proposed a daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on land proportional to land values and a lessened tax burden for peasants. The French nobility, however, refused to pay these taxes. The Three Estates 7.The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the nobility, the Church, and the common people. Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems The First Estate- the clergy, had many privileges and much wealth, and it levied an oppressive tax (the tithe) on landowners. The Second Estate- the nobility, also had great privileges, wealth, and power, and it taxed the peasantry for its own profit. The Third Estate- the commoners, was a mixture of a few rich members of the middle class (Bourgeoisie), urban workers, and the mass of peasants. Bourgeoisie- The citydwelling middle class- made up of merchants, manufacturers, and professional people such as doctors and lawyers. 8. The Estates each had one vote, with the First (Clergy) and Second (Nobles) usually voting against the Third (Peasants). 9. The American Revolution had a profound effect on the French Revolution. Many French soldiers served in America and were impressed by the ideals of revolution, liberty and the eradication of tyranny. 10. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. 11. The aspirations of the bourgeoisie were expressed by Abbé Sieyès in a widely circulated pamphlet that implied that the third estate and the nation were virtually identical. 12. The dispute over voting in the Estates General led the third estate to break away and form the National Assembly, which pledged, in the Tennis Court Oath, not to disband until they had written a new constitution. 13. In response to the legalization of the National Assembly Louis XVI brings troops to Paris and Versailles. Third Estate fears that the troops will drive out the National Assembly by force. 14. Jacques Necker - Director General of finance fired by Louis XVI in 1789; public outrage soon followed 15. The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris on the 14th of July, 1789- The Bastille was a symbol of alleged royal tyranny and armory 16. The Great Fear Food shortages, Economic depression, Hopes aroused with the calling of the States-General Fear of an aristocratic conspiracy Peasants pillaged and burned chateaus, destroying records of feudal dues *17. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenAugust, 1789-A fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal- Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, the rights of Man are universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. 18. Jacobins- A radical or extreme leftist political groupThe group became extremely revolutionary under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre. 19. Girondins- represented the resistance of the provinces to Parisian dominance, and opposition to the emerging dictatorship and terror under Robespierre. 20. The National Assembly granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants, nationalized the property of the church, and abolished the monasteries. 21. Outside France, liberals and radicals hoped that the revolution would lead to a reordering of society everywhere, but conservatives such as Burke predicted it would lead to chaos and tyranny. 22. Fear among European kings and nobility that the revolution would spread resulted in the Declaration of Pillnitz (1791), which threatened the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia. 23. Assembly's Antireligious Measures Church lands were nationalized (1789) Religious orders suppressed (1790) The clergy required to swear to adhere to the state Controlled Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July, 1790) 24. In August of 1792 a revolutionary crowd attacked the royal palace and the Legislative Assembly and imprisoned the king. 25. The National Convention proclaimed France a republic in 1792. 26. Louis XVI was tried and convicted of treason by the National Convention and guillotined in early 1793. 27. Jean-Paul Marat- His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society. Following assassination, Marat was viewed as a hero of France. 28. The Reign of Terror (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794), was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." 29. In June 1793 the Girondins were themselves expelled from the Convention and later killed. 30.Robespierre established a planned economy to wage total war and aid the poor. 1. a. The government fixed prices on key products and instituted rationing. b. Workshops were nationalized to produce goods for the war effort, and raw materials were requisitioned. 2. Under Robespierre, the Reign of Terror was instituted to eliminate opposition to the Revolution, and some 40,000 people were jailed or executed. a. Robespierre cooperated with the san-culottes in bringing about a state- controlled economy--particularly fixing the price of bread. b. An "emergency socialism" system of production and manufacture arose. 31. After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directory (An executive branch of five wealthy men) assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799. 32. Concordat - 1801- Acknowledged Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens did not abolish religious toleration guaranteed by the Declaration of the Rights of Man. 33. Universal Manhood Suffrage - Every adult male could vote, whether he owned property or not. 34. Conscription - The draft - was invented to stop invading countries that were against revolutionary ideas. 35. December 2, 1804 - Napoleon becomes Emperor of French Empire. 36. 1808 - Napoleon completely dominated Europe. 37. Nationalism - The attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity. 38. 1812 - Napoleon begins his invasion of Russia. 39. Scorched - Earth Policy - The tactic of burning or destroying crops and everything else that might be of value to the invaders. 40. June 18, 1815 - Napoleon’s army is defeated at Waterloo by British commander Duke of Wellington. 41. Revisionist historians challenge the traditional interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution. 1. They argue that the bourgeoisie was not locked in conflict with the nobility, that both groups were highly fragmented. a. The nobility remained fluid and relatively open. b. Key sections of the nobility were liberal. c. The nobility and the bourgeoisie were not economic rivals. 2. Nevertheless, the old interpretation, that a new social order was challenging the old, is still convincing and valid. The End. (: