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The French Revolution
and Napoléon
Section 1: The Roots of
Revolution
Section 2: The French
Revolution
Section 3: The French
Republic
Section 4: The Napoléonic Era
Section 5: A Return to Peace
The Roots of Revolution
Objectives:
–Describe how the Old Regime was
structured.
–Analyze why discontent began to
grow in the mid-1700s.
–Explain why Louis XVI wanted to
call the Estates General.
–Describe how the meeting of the
Estates General pushed France
toward revolution.
The Old Regime
 The privileged estates
– First Estate was clergy
• Less than 1%
– Second Estate was nobility
• Less than 2%
 The Third estate
– Bourgeoisie (urban middle class)
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•
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City workers
Artisans
Rural peasants
Paid heavy taxes
Paid a forced tithe to the church
– 10% of income
Growing Discontent
 Increased population and cost of living
– The poor blamed the king for letting the cost
of living get so high
 Bourgeoisie wanted liberty and equality
– Resented paying taxes when nobility and
clergy did not
The Financial Crisis
 Assistance to United States during American
Revolution led to France’s increased debts
 Louis XVI married Marie-Antoinette
– Daughter of Austrian Empress
– People resented her Austrian roots and political
involvement
 Louis XVI tried to raise taxes
– Hoped a meeting of all three estates would approve
new taxes
 Banks refused to loan French government
more money
The Meeting of the Estates
General
 The three estates had previously met separately
– They would then come together and get 1 vote per
estate
 Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as
individuals
– King refused
 Third estate declared themselves the National
Assembly and asked the other two to work with
them
The French Revolution
Objectives:
–Explain why and how the
French Revolution spread.
–Analyze how a constitution
changed French government.
–Explain why the monarchy
and the Legislative Assembly
came to an end.
The Spread of the Revolution
 Louis XVI allowed the three estates to meet
together, but brought in troops to Paris
– People thought he was going to force out the National
Assembly so they took action
 Capture of Bastille prison led to formation of a
new government (Video )
– General Lafayette lead National Guard
– New flag of red, white, and blue replaced old French
flag
 Peasants developed “Great Fear”
– Feared what noble might do so they attacked manorial
estates
• Burn records
• Pillaged supplies
The End of the Old Regime
 The Declaration of the Rights of Man
– Basic human rights and political powers
• Similar to the Bill of Rights
– Applied to men only
 Émigrés and royalists
– Émigrés – French word for emigrants
• Would cause trouble
• Allowed nobles asylum in England, Germany, and Switzerland
– Forced Louis XVI and family to return to Paris
 Reforms in government
– Divided France in 83 equal districts called departments
– Seized land owned by Catholic Church
– Pope protested
• Catholic Church was against revolution
The Constitution of 1791
 Limited powers of king
– Could not make or block laws on his own
 Divided government into three branches:
– Executive – king
– Legislative – Legislative Assembly
• If you were part of the National Assembly you could not be a
part of this
– Judicial
 King reluctantly agreed to this
– Worked behind scenes with Émigrés to stop revolution
– Tried to escape, but was caught
– Made people distrust him and want a republic
The Legislative Assembly and War
 Executive branch was weak
 Legislature was inexperienced
– Divided into:
• Conservatives – thought revolution had gone far enough
• Radicals – wanted more drastic changes
• Moderates – no extreme views
 Legislative Assembly united to wage war
on Austria (video)
– Other European monarch wanted a king on the throne
of France
– This united the Assembly
– They prepared for war with Leopold II of Austria and
Frederick William I of Prussia
The End of the Monarchy
 Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to
overthrow Constitution of 1791
– Citizens realized this
• Abolished monarchy
• Imprisoned royal family
• Defended Paris against Austrians
 Legislative Assembly ended
 National Convention drew up new
constitution
The French Republic
Objectives:
–Explain how the National
Convention ruled France.
–Describe how the Reign of
Terror affected France.
–Identify the Directory and
explain how it ruled.
–Analyze why Napoléon
was able to come to power.
The National Convention
 Universal manhood suffrage
– Every adult male could vote
 Three main groups
– Girondins
• Feared domination of France by Paris
– Jacobins
• Wanted Paris to dominate France
• Lead by Georges-Jacques Danton and Maximilien
Robespierre
– Delegates who had no definite views
 One of the first acts of the national convention
was to try and convict Louis XVI of endangering
the nation
– He was beheaded by the Guillotine (video)
Exporting the Revolution
 Committee of Public Safety
– Set up a tribunal to deal with any opponents of
the revolution
– Adopted the draft
• Conscription – requiring military service
 Opposition
– European monarchs formed an alliance against
France
– Didn’t want their people getting any
revolutionary ideas
The Reign of Terror
 Evolutionary Tribunal
– Tried to suppress all opposition and revolts
within France
– Robespierre actually turned on Danton and
had him executed
– He himself was eventually sent to the
guillotine
Work of the National
Convention
 Abolished slavery
 Planned public education
 Adopted metric system
 Created a new calendar
– It did not survive
The Directory
 Governed by five individuals from the
government’s executive branch
 Bicameral legislature
– Lower house had 500 representatives
• Created legislation
– Upper house had 250 representatives
• Accepted or rejected legislation
 Eliminated universal manhood suffrage
 Weak, corrupt rulers
– Paved the way for a military dictatorship of
France
Napoléon Bonaparte
 Personal Bio
– Born in 1769 on island of Corsica
– Great organizational skills
– 5’2” with a strong personality
– Married Josephine Beauharnais
• French societal leader
• Within weeks of marriage he was in Italy fight Austrians
 Rise of Napoléon
– Strong military leader
– Gained control of all northern Italy for France
 Napoléon takes power (video)
– Coup d’état (stroke of state) due to unstable
government
The Napoléonic Era
Objectives:
–Identify the ways in which
Napoléon’s government was
successful.
–Explain how France became an
empire.
–Describe how Napoléon reorganized
Europe.
–Analyze the events that led to
Napoléon’s final defeat at Waterloo.
Napoléon as Dictator
 1799 – 1814
 The Consulate
– People accepted Napoléon as dictator
– Gave people freedom as long as his orders were
displayed
– Allowed people to up or down vote his new laws
– Napoléon gave himself unlimited power
 Accomplishments in government
– Napoléonic Code – French Law
– Bank of France – National Bank
– Public education – included high schools
– Concordat - agreement with Pope
• Recognized that most French citizens were Catholic
• Still granted religious freedom
Napoléon as Emperor
 French people voted to become an empire
 Napoléon crowned himself
– Took crown from Pope just before it was
placed on his head
 Defeated Austria and Russia
 Blockade of British Isles
The Reorganization of Europe
 Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire
 Increased nationalism
– Napoléon placed members of his own family as
monarchs of countries he conquered
– Loyalty and patriotism
 The Peninsular War
– Spanish and Portuguese revolt against French rule
– Aided by Britain and Duke of Wellington
– Won the revolt and continued the idea of the French
revolution
Catastrophe in Russia
 The Grand Army
– Marched to Russia
– Russians retreat using a scorched earth policy
• Burned and destroyed everything in retreat
– Were defeated through lack of proper housing and
supplies, Russian winter
 Final defeat
– Western European countries allied against France
• Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, and Austria
• Defeated Napoleon and put Louis XVIII
The Hundred Days
 Napoléon led army into France and ruled for one
hundred days until Britain, Prussia, and
Netherlands were victorious and forced him into
exile
 Sent to St. Helena
– Small island in South Atlantic
 Tried to poison himself, but overdosed
 Eventually died there
 Failures forgotten, became legendary
A Return to Peace
Objectives:
–Describe how the Congress of
Vienna attempted to restore
stability to Europe.
–Explain why politicians
practiced conservative
policies.
–Analyze how Metternich
influenced conservative
politics and stopped
revolution.
The Congress of Vienna
 Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and France
attended
 The principles of the Congress of Vienna
– Compensation – pay back countries Napoleon took
from
– Balance of power – no single nation could control
Europe
– Legitimacy – all former ruling families should be
restored to their thrones
 Compensations
– Countries were reshuffled
Reactionary Alliances
 Restored balance of power
 Emphasized conservative view to prevent
revolution
 Establish the quadruple Alliance
– Early form of U.N.
The Age of Metternich
 Secret police
 Military suppression
– Against revolutionary ideals
 Underground resistance