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Gastrointestinal Terms Cheil/o: lips Chole/o: gallbladder Col/o: large intestine/colon Dent/o-teeth Enter/o: small intestine Esophag/o: esophagus Gastr/o: stomach Duoden/o:duodenum Gingiv/o: gums Gloss/o: tongue Hepat/o: liver Pancreat/o: pancreas Procto/o: anus & rectum Rect/o: rectum Stomat/o: mouth Diagnostic Terms Aerophagia: the swallowing of air resulting in gas and bloating Ascites: accumulation and retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity Cholecystis: inflammation of the gallbladder Cholelithiasis (bilary calculi): gallstones Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver, poor liver function Diverticulitis: small, bulging sacs of the inner lining of the intestine that become inflammed Diverticulosis: abnormal presence of out pockets on the surface of the small intestine or colon Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus Fistula: abnormal opening between two internal organs Gastritis/gastroenteritis: inflammation of gastric mucosa Hepatic coma: caused by disorders that affect the liver, worsening brain function when the liver is no longer able to remove toxic substances in the blood Hiatal hernia: portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm Ilelitis: inflammation of the ileum Inflammatory bowel disease: autoimmune, chronic inflammatory condition of the GI tract Irritable bowel syndrome: unknown cause of symptoms including cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation/diarrhea Malabsorption syndromes: conditions that result in imperfect/inadequate gastrointestinal absorption Pancreatic: inflammation of the pancreas Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum membrane Portal systemic encephalopathy: inability of the liver to metabolize ammonia to form urea Ulcer: open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that can bleed and scar Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily located int eh colon/rectum Operative/Surgical Procedure Terms Anastromosis: surgical connection of body parts Cholescystectomy: surgical removal of the gallbladder Colostomy: rectum is removed and end of colon is attached to stoma Diverticulectomy: removal of the diverticulum Gastrectomy: surgery/removal of part of the stomach Gastroduodenal anastomosis (Billroth I): pyloric antrum and pylorus are surgically removed and a new connection between the stomach and fist portion of the small intestine is created Gastrojejunal anastomosis (billroth II): subtotal excision of the stomach with closure of the proximal end of the duodenum and side to side anastomosis of the jejunum to the remaining portion of the stomach Gastrojejunostomy: new opening between the stomach and jejunum Ileostomy: colon and rectum are removed, end of ileum is attached to the stoma Jejunostomy: opening into the jejunum Pancreatectomy: removal of the pancreas Pyloroplasty: enlarging the pyloric sphicter Vagotomy: severing of the vegas nerve Symptomatic Terms: Achlorhydria: lack of gastric HCl secretions Anorexia: lack of appitite Aphagia: loss of the ability to swallow Boborygmus: stomach growling Bulimia: repeated binge eating followed by vomiting Colic: severe abdominal pain Constipation: decrease in frequency of bowel movements with straining with defecation Diarrhea: frequent or unusually liquid bowel movements Dumping syndrome: rapid passage of large amounts of food from stomach into the small intestine (dizziness, sweating, decreased blood pressure) Dysgeusia: reduced ability to taste Dyspepsia: vague upper abdominal symptoms including upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, belching Epigastric: referring to the upper abdominal region Flatulence: perceived excess gas in the intestinal tract Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver Hyperchlorhydria: excess HCl in the stomach Hypochlorhydria: low stomach acid Jaundice: deposition of bile pigments in the skin (yellow tint) Melena: dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood Nausea: urge to vomit Polyphagia: excessive hunger Steatorrhea: feces containing fat Chart Abbreviations: abd: abdomen BE: barium enema BM: bowel movement cath: catheter GA: gastritis GE: gastroesophogeal GB: gallbladder GBD: gallbladder disease GBS: gastric bypass surgery GERD: gastroesophogeal reflux disease GI: gastrointestinal GIT: gastrointestinal tract HCl: hydrochloric acid LED: lower esophageal sphincter MOM: milk of magnesia N/G: nasogastric PEM (or PCM): protein energy malnutrition PU: peptic ulcer SI: small intestine TPN: total parenteral nutrition