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Medical Terminology – Gastrointestinal cheil/o-lips chol/o-bite cholescyst/o-gall bladder col/o-large intestine or colon dent/o-teeth procto/o-anus & rectum enter/o-small intestine esophag/o-esophagus gastr/o-stomach douden/o-duodenum (first part of small intestine gingiv/o-gums gloss/o-tongue hepat/o-liver pancreat/o-pancreas rect/o-rectum stomat/o-mouth G.I. Diagnostic Terms Aerophagia – excessive air swallowing resulting in gas and bloating ascites – accumulation/retention of free fluid within the abdominal cavity when the liver stops working properly cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder cholelithiasis (binary calculi) – presence or formation of gallstones cirrhosis (liver) – scarring of liver tissue and resulting in poor function of the liver (final phase of chronic liver disease) diverticulitis – acute inflammation of the diverticula esophagitis – inflammation of the esophagus fistula – abnormal opening between 2 internal organs or from internal organ to surface of the body gastritis/gastroenteritis – inflammation of the lining of the stomach hepatic coma – loss of consciousness due to serve liver disease hiatal hernia – protrusion of part of stomach through the diaphragm into the space normally occupied by the esophagus, heart, and lungs ilelitis – inflammation of the ileum inflammatory bowel disease – autoimmune, chronic inflammatory condition of the GI tract (term for designating a syndrome) irritable bowel syndrome – bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain with diarrhea and/or constipation malabsorption syndromes – intestine’s ability to absorb certain nutrients into the bloodstream is negatively affected pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum membrane portal systemic encephalopathy – secondary to chronic liver disease (liver can no longer remove toxic substances in blood) sprue, nontropical (celiac disease, gluten enteropathy) – intestinal disorder when the body can’t tolerate gluten ulcer – non-healing break in the skin or tissue surface ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammatory bowel disease primary ulceration in the colon and rectum G.I. Operative/Surgical Procedure Terms Anastomosis – surgical connection of body parts, especially hollow tubular parts like those of the GI cholecystectomy – surgical removal of the gallbladder colostomy – procedure where only the rectum is removed and the end of the colon is attached to the stoma diverticulectomy – surgery to remove abnormal pouch on the lining of the small intestine gastrectomy – surgical removal of part or the whole of the stomach gastroduodenal anastomosis (Billroth I) – end-to-end joining of the upper stomach to the duodenum after resecting the lower stomach gastrojejunal anastomosis (Billroth II) – side-to-side joining of the upper stomach with the jejunum gastrojejunostomy – surgical procedure in which an anastomosis is created between the stomach and the jejunum ileostomy – colon and rectum are surgically removed and end of the ileum is attached to the stoma jejunostomy – opening into the jejunum pancreatectomy – removal of the pancreas pyloroplasty – enlarging the pyloric sphincter (opening between stomach and SI) vagotomy – severing of the vagus nerve, often a component of gastric surgery G.I. Symptomatic Terms Achlorhydria – lack of gastric hydrochloric acid secretions anorexia – prolonged disorder of the loss of appetite aphagia – inability to swallow borborygmus – stomach “growling” bulimia – excessive eating followed by purging colic – severe, often fluctuating pain in the abdomen caused by intestinal gas or obstruction in the intestines (often in babies) constipation – decrease in frequency of bowel movements with straining with defecation and/or hard stools diarrhea – frequent or unusually liquid bowel movements dumping syndrome – rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine dysgeusia – impaired sense of taste dyspepsia – difficult digestion (indigestion) epigastric – upper abdominal region flatulence – perceived excess gas in the intestinal tract hepatomegaly – enlargement of the liver hyperchlorhydria – when gastric acid in the stomach is higher than normal hypochlorhydria (achyliagastrica) – production of gastric acid in the stomach is absent or low jaundice – bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes melena – dark sticky feces containing partly digested blood, possible internal bleeding nausea – feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit (non-specific symptom) polyphagia – excessive hunger or increased appetite steatorrhea – excess fat in the stool (>6g/24hrs) resulting from fat malabsorption and causing diarrhea Chart Abbreviations – G.I. abd – abdomen or abdominal B M – bowel movement Cath – catheter/catheterization GA – gestational age GE – gastroenteritis gb (or GB) – gallbladder GBD – gallbladder disease GBS – gastric bypass surgery GERD – gastroesophageal reflux disease GI – gastrointestinal GIT – gastrointestinal tract HCL (or HCl) – hydrochloric acid LES – lower esophageal sphincter MOM – milk of magnesia N/G – nasogastric PCM or PEM – protein calorie/energy malnutrition post-up – postoperative prep – preparation SI – small intestine TPN – total parenteral nutrition