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Gastrointestinal Terms cheil/o-lips chol/o-bite cholescyst/o-gall bladder col/o-large intestine or colon dent/o-teeth procto/o-anus & rectum enter/o-small intestine esophag/o-esophagus gastr/o-stomach douden/o-duodenum (first part of small intestine gingiv/o-gums gloss/o-tongue hepat/o-liver pancreat/o-pancreas rect/o-rectum stomat/o-mouth G.I. Diagnostic Terms Aerophagia: the swallowing of air resulting in gas and bloating Ascites: accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder cholelithiasis (binary calculi): the presence or formation of gallstones cirrhosis (liver): any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades an organ; end-stage disease characterized by damage to hepatic parenchymal cells with modular regeneration and fibrosis, associated with failure of hepatic cell function. Diverticulitis: an acute inflammation of the diverticula Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus Fistula: an abnormal opening or passage between two internal organs or from an internal organ or the surface of the body. gastritis/gastroenteritis: inflammation of the gastric mucosa hepatic coma: a worsening of brain function that occurs when the liver is no longer able to remove toxic substances in the blood hiatal hernia: protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the space normally occupied by the esophagus, heart, and lungs. Ilelitis: Inflammation of the illium; Crohn’s inflammatory bowel disease: a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine irritable bowel syndrome: a bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain with diarrhea and/or constipation malabsorption syndromes: abnormal absorption of nutrients within your GI tract. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas Peritonitis: an inflammation (irritation) of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. portal systemic encephalopathy: occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma as a result of liver failure. sprue, nontropical (celiac disease, gluten enteropathy): a condition that creates inflammation in the small intestine, and damage in the lining ulcer: nonhealing break in skin or tissue surface ulcerative colitis: a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) primarily located in the colon and rectum G.I. Operative/Surgical Procedure Terms Anastomosis: the surgical connection of body parts, especially hollow tubular parts like those of the GI tract. Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of the gallbladder Colostomy: a surgical procedure in which a stoma is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place. Diverticulectomy: surgery to remove an abnormal pouch on the lining of the small intestine (bowel). Gastrectomy: surgery to resect a portion of or the entire stomach gastroduodenal anastomosis (Billroth I): Surgery The end-to-end joining of the upper stomach to the duodenum after resecting the lower stomach gastrojejunal anastomosis (Billroth II): a surgical procedure in which an anastomosis is created between the stomach and the proximal loop of the jejunum gastrojejunostomy: The surgical formation of a direct communication between the stomach and the jejunum. Ileostomy: a procedure in which the colon and rectum are surgically removed, and the end of the ileum is attached to the stoma Jejunostomy: an opening into the jejunum Pancreatectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas Pyloroplasty: surgery to widen the opening in the lower part of the stomach (pylorus) so that stomach contents can empty into the small intestine. Vagotomy: severing of the vagus nerve; often a component of gastric surgery G.I. Symptomatic Terms Achlorhydria: lack of gastric hydrochloric acid secretions Anorexia: lack of appetite Aphagia: the inability or refusal to swallow Borborygmus: stomach “growling” Bulimia: a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The person then uses different methods -- such as vomiting or abusing laxatives - to prevent weight gain. Colic: crying in a baby that lasts for longer than 3 hours a day and is not caused by a medical problem. Constipation: a decrease in frequency of bowel movements with stringing with defecation and/or hard stools. Diarrhea: frequent or unusually liquid bowel movements dumping syndrome: a group of symptoms that occurs with rapid passage of large amounts of food from the stomach into the small intestine dysgeusia: abnormalities in or reduced ability to taste dyspepsia: vague upper abdominal symptoms that may include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching. Epigastric: referring to the upper abdominal region Flatulence: perceived excess gas in the intestinal tract. Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver Hyperchlorhydria: refers to the state in the stomach where gastric acid levels are higher than the normal range. hypochlorhydria (achyliagastrica): refers to the state in the stomach where gastric acid levels are lower than the normal range jaundice: a clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. Melena: refers to the black, "tarry" feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.[1]The black color is caused by the hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive chemicals and intestinal bacteria. Nausea: the feeling of having an urge to vomit Polyphagia: excessive hunger Steatorrhea: excess fat in the stool, resulting from fat malabsorption and causing diarrhea Chart Abbreviations – G.I. Abd: abdomen BE: barium enema BM: bowl movement Cath: catheter GA: general anesthesia GE: gastric emptying gb (or GB): gallbladder GBD: gallbladder disease GBS: gastric bypass surgery GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease GI: gastrointestinal GIT: gastrointestinal tract HCL (or HCl): hydrochloric acid LES: lower esophageal sphincter MOM: milk of magnesia N/G: nasogastric PCM or PEM: protein-energy malnutrition post-up: posterior… prep: preparation pu (or PU): plutonium SI: silicon TPN: total parental nutrition