Download Terminology - Haley Robertson Portfolio

Gastrointestinal Terms
cheil/o = lips
chol/o = bite
cholescyst/o = gall bladder
col/o = large intestine or colon
dent/o = teeth procto/o = anus & rectum
enter/o = small intestine
esophag/o = esophagus
gastr/o = stomach
douden/o = duodenum (first part of small intestine
gingiv/o = gums
gloss/o = tongue
hepat/o = liver
pancreat/o = pancreas
rect/o = rectum
stomat/o = mouth
G.I. Diagnostic Terms
Aerophagia- An abnormal swallowing of air.
Ascites – Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder
cholelithiasis (binary calculi) – presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
cirrhosis (liver) - Literally, “orange-yellow” in Greek. A degenerative disease of the liver
that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to
the gross appearance of the organ.
diverticulitis - Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli
which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis. These abnormal
outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to
inflammation, diverticulitis.
Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus.
Fistula – An abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another epithelial surface.
gastritis/gastroenteritis – inflammation, especially mucosal, or the stomach
hepatic coma – coma that occurs with advanced hepatic insufficiency and
hiatal hernia – hernia of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the
diaphragm;
Ilelitis – Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory bowel disease.
inflammatory bowel disease – General term for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis,
chronic disorders of the small and large intestines of unknown cause.
irritable bowel syndrome – A condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and
symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of
organic pathology.
Malabsorption syndromes
Pancreatitis- Inflammation of the pancreas.
Peritonitis - Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Before antibiotics,
people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst. Indications of peritonitis
are called “peritoneal signs”: tender abdomen, rebound pain (pain when manual pressure
released from examining abdomen), board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no bowel
sounds (gurgles). The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign
substances. Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs.
portal systemic encephalopathy -
sprue, nontropical (celiac disease, gluten enteropathy)
- Non-tropic sprue = sprue occurring in ppl away from the tropics usually called
celiac disease due to a gluten- induced enteropathy.
- Sprue : Primary intestinal malabsorption with steatorrhea
- Celiac Disease: sensitivity to gluten with chronic inflammation and atrophy of
the mucosa of the upper small intestine; manifestations include diarrhea,
malnutrition, nutritional and vitamin deficiencies, and failure to thrive.
Ulcer – A lesion through the skin or mucous membrane resulting from loss of tissue,
usually with inflammation.
Ulcerative colitis – a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by ulceration of the
colon and rectum with rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance.
Hypoproteinemia.
G.I. Operative/Surgical Procedure Terms
Anastomosis – Surgical, tramatic, or pathological formation of an opening between two
normally distinct spaces or organs.
Cholecystectomy – Surgical removal of the gallbladder.
Colostomy – A surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine is brought
through the abdomen wall to carry stool out of the body.
Diverticulectomy – Surgical removal of the diverticulum
Gastrectomy –Surgical removal of all or part of the stomach.
gastroduodenal anastomosis (Billroth I) gastrojejunal anastomosis (Billroth II)
Gastrojejunostomy – surgical creation of an anastomosis between the stomach and
jejunum.
Ileostomy – surgical creation of an opening into the ileum, with a stoma on the abdominal
wall.
Jejunostomy –the creation of a permanent opening between the jejunum and the surface
of the abdominal wall.
Pancreatectomy – The surgical removal of the pancreas.
Pyloroplasty- the lower portion of the stomach, the pylorus is cut and resutured to relax
the muscle and widen the opening into the intestine.
Vagotomy – the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve to reduce acid secretion in the
stomach.
G.I. Symptomatic Terms
Achlorhydria – absence of hydrochloric acid from gastric secretions
Anorexia – lack or loss of appetite for food.
Aphagia – Refusal or inability to swallow
Borborygmus Bulimia – Episodic binge eating usually followed by purging or behavior designed to
negate the caloric intake of the ingested food.
Colic- persistant, unexplained crying in a healthy baby between 2 weeks and 5 months of
age.
Constipation – acute or chronic condition in which bowel movements occur less often
than usual or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass.
Diarrhea – increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel movements.
Dumping syndrome- nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitation, syncope, often a sensation
of warmth, and sometimes diarrhea occurring after ingestion of food in patients who have
undergone partial gastrectomy.
Dysgeusia – impairment or dysfunction of the sense of taste
Dyspepsia – painful, difficult, or disturbed digestion, which may be accompanied by
symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and stomach discomfort.
Epigastric – Referring to the epigastric, area above the stomach
Flatulence – the presence of excessive gas in the digestive tract
Hepatomegaly – enlargement of the liver
Hperchlorhydria – exressive HCl in the gastric juice.
hypochlorhydria (achyliagastrica) – lack of HCl in the gastric juice
jaundice – person’s skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an
increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease.
Melena – the passage of dark stools stained with altered blood.
Nausea – a feeling of sickness characterized by gastrointestinal distress and an urge to
vomit.
Polyphagia – Excessive eating.
Steatorrhea – excess fat in feces.
Chart Abbreviations – G.I.
Abd – abdomen, abdominal
B E – Bacillary Emulsion, Barium Enema, Bacterial Endocarditis
B M – Bowel Movement
Cath - catheter
GA – Gestational Age
GE - Gastroenteritis
gb (or GB) – Gall Bladder
GBD – Gallbladder Disease
GBS – Gallbladder Series, Gastric Bypass Surgery
GERD – Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GI - Gastrointestinal
GIT – Gastrointestinal Tract
HCL (or HCl) – Hydrochloric Acid
LES – Lambert Eaton Syndrome
MOM – Methozymethyl, Milk of Magnesia, Miocamycin
N/G - Nasogastric
PCM or PEM – Protein-Calorie Malnutrition
post-up prep - prepare
pu (or PU) – Peptic Ulcer, Passed Urine
SI – Small Intestine
TPN – Total Parental Nutrition