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Gastrointestinal Terms cheil/o = lips chol/o = bite cholescyst/o = gall bladder col/o = large intestine or colon dent/o = teeth procto/o = anus & rectum enter/o = small intestine esophag/o = esophagus gastr/o = stomach douden/o = duodenum (first part of small intestine gingiv/o = gums gloss/o = tongue hepat/o = liver pancreat/o = pancreas rect/o = rectum stomat/o = mouth G.I. Diagnostic Terms Aerophagia- An abnormal swallowing of air. Ascites – Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder cholelithiasis (binary calculi) – presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts. cirrhosis (liver) - Literally, “orange-yellow” in Greek. A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ. diverticulitis - Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis. Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus. Fistula – An abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another epithelial surface. gastritis/gastroenteritis – inflammation, especially mucosal, or the stomach hepatic coma – coma that occurs with advanced hepatic insufficiency and hiatal hernia – hernia of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm; Ilelitis – Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory bowel disease. inflammatory bowel disease – General term for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, chronic disorders of the small and large intestines of unknown cause. irritable bowel syndrome – A condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology. Malabsorption syndromes Pancreatitis- Inflammation of the pancreas. Peritonitis - Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Before antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst. Indications of peritonitis are called “peritoneal signs”: tender abdomen, rebound pain (pain when manual pressure released from examining abdomen), board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no bowel sounds (gurgles). The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign substances. Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs. portal systemic encephalopathy - sprue, nontropical (celiac disease, gluten enteropathy) - Non-tropic sprue = sprue occurring in ppl away from the tropics usually called celiac disease due to a gluten- induced enteropathy. - Sprue : Primary intestinal malabsorption with steatorrhea - Celiac Disease: sensitivity to gluten with chronic inflammation and atrophy of the mucosa of the upper small intestine; manifestations include diarrhea, malnutrition, nutritional and vitamin deficiencies, and failure to thrive. Ulcer – A lesion through the skin or mucous membrane resulting from loss of tissue, usually with inflammation. Ulcerative colitis – a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by ulceration of the colon and rectum with rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance. Hypoproteinemia. G.I. Operative/Surgical Procedure Terms Anastomosis – Surgical, tramatic, or pathological formation of an opening between two normally distinct spaces or organs. Cholecystectomy – Surgical removal of the gallbladder. Colostomy – A surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdomen wall to carry stool out of the body. Diverticulectomy – Surgical removal of the diverticulum Gastrectomy –Surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. gastroduodenal anastomosis (Billroth I) gastrojejunal anastomosis (Billroth II) Gastrojejunostomy – surgical creation of an anastomosis between the stomach and jejunum. Ileostomy – surgical creation of an opening into the ileum, with a stoma on the abdominal wall. Jejunostomy –the creation of a permanent opening between the jejunum and the surface of the abdominal wall. Pancreatectomy – The surgical removal of the pancreas. Pyloroplasty- the lower portion of the stomach, the pylorus is cut and resutured to relax the muscle and widen the opening into the intestine. Vagotomy – the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. G.I. Symptomatic Terms Achlorhydria – absence of hydrochloric acid from gastric secretions Anorexia – lack or loss of appetite for food. Aphagia – Refusal or inability to swallow Borborygmus Bulimia – Episodic binge eating usually followed by purging or behavior designed to negate the caloric intake of the ingested food. Colic- persistant, unexplained crying in a healthy baby between 2 weeks and 5 months of age. Constipation – acute or chronic condition in which bowel movements occur less often than usual or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass. Diarrhea – increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel movements. Dumping syndrome- nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitation, syncope, often a sensation of warmth, and sometimes diarrhea occurring after ingestion of food in patients who have undergone partial gastrectomy. Dysgeusia – impairment or dysfunction of the sense of taste Dyspepsia – painful, difficult, or disturbed digestion, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and stomach discomfort. Epigastric – Referring to the epigastric, area above the stomach Flatulence – the presence of excessive gas in the digestive tract Hepatomegaly – enlargement of the liver Hperchlorhydria – exressive HCl in the gastric juice. hypochlorhydria (achyliagastrica) – lack of HCl in the gastric juice jaundice – person’s skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease. Melena – the passage of dark stools stained with altered blood. Nausea – a feeling of sickness characterized by gastrointestinal distress and an urge to vomit. Polyphagia – Excessive eating. Steatorrhea – excess fat in feces. Chart Abbreviations – G.I. Abd – abdomen, abdominal B E – Bacillary Emulsion, Barium Enema, Bacterial Endocarditis B M – Bowel Movement Cath - catheter GA – Gestational Age GE - Gastroenteritis gb (or GB) – Gall Bladder GBD – Gallbladder Disease GBS – Gallbladder Series, Gastric Bypass Surgery GERD – Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease GI - Gastrointestinal GIT – Gastrointestinal Tract HCL (or HCl) – Hydrochloric Acid LES – Lambert Eaton Syndrome MOM – Methozymethyl, Milk of Magnesia, Miocamycin N/G - Nasogastric PCM or PEM – Protein-Calorie Malnutrition post-up prep - prepare pu (or PU) – Peptic Ulcer, Passed Urine SI – Small Intestine TPN – Total Parental Nutrition