Download The Middle Ages Chapters 13 and 14 Why study the European

The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
Why study the European Middle Ages?
Chapter 13
European Middle Ages
Section 1: Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
Invasions of Western Europe
 Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare
•
Germanic invaders overrun western
Roman Empire in 400s
•
Fighting disrupts trade and
government; people abandon cities
•
Marks the beginning of the Middle
Ages—period from 500 to 1500
 The Decline of Learning
•
As cities are abandoned, level of
learning declines
•
Knowledge of Greek language and
culture is almost completely lost
1
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Loss of a Common Language
•
Introduction of German language
changes Latin; dialects develop
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
 Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600
•
Germanic kingdoms replace Roman
provinces
•
Continual wars change borders
between kingdoms
•
The Church provides order and security
 The Concept of Government Changes
•
Germans held together by family ties
and loyalty, not government
•
Small communities are governed by
unwritten rules and traditions
•
Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to
their chief; live in lord’s hall
2
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Clovis Rules the Franks
•
Germanic people called Franks hold
power in Roman province of Gaul
•
Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to
Christianity in 496
•
Leads warriors against other Germanic
armies
•
Unites Franks into one kingdom with
Church’s help by 511
Germans Adopt Christianity
 How the Church Spread
•
Frankish rulers convert Germanic
peoples to Christianity
•
Missionaries travel to convert Germanic
and Celtic groups
 Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts
•
Church builds monasteries—where
monks live
•
to study and serve God
Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that
govern monastic life
•
His sister Scholastica adapts rules for
nuns living in convents
•
Monks establish schools, preserve
learning through libraries
3
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I
•
In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory
the Great, becomes pope
•
Under Gregory, Church becomes
secular—a political power
•
Pope’s palace becomes center of
Roman government
•
Uses Church money to raise armies,
care for poor, negotiate treaties
•
Establishes a Christendom—churchly
kingdom fanning out from Rome
An Empire Evolves
 Europe’s Kingdoms
•
The Franks control largest and strongest
of Europe’s many kingdoms
•
By 511, Frankish rule extends over what
is now France
4
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Charles Martel Emerges
•
Most powerful official in kingdom is
major domo—mayor of the palace
•
In 719, major domo Charles Martel
becomes more powerful than king
•
Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in
732; becomes a Christian hero
•
Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian
Dynasty—family that ruled 751–987
Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
 From Pepin to Charlemagne
•
Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to
two sons; in 771 one son dies
•
Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the
Great), rules kingdom
 Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule
•
Charlemagne’s armies reunite western
Europe, spread Christianity
•
In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to
protect Pope Leo III from mobs
•
Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor;
gives him title, “Roman Emperor”
•
Germanic power, Church, heritage of
Roman Empire now joined together
5
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Charlemagne Leads a Revival
•
Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by
governing through royal agents
•
Encourages learning and orders
monasteries to open schools
 Charlemagne’s Heirs
•
Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis
the Pious, rules poorly
•
Louis’s three sons fight for control of
empire
•
In 843 they divide empire into three
kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun
Section 2: Feudalism in Europe
Invaders Attack Western Europe
 The Vikings Invade from the North
•
Warlike Vikings raid Europe from
Scandinavia—Denmark, Norway,
Sweden
•
Viking long ships sail in shallow water,
allowing raids inland
•
Eventually, many Vikings adopt
Christianity and become farmers
6
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and
South
•
Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade
western Europe in late 800s
•
Muslims strike north from Africa,
attacking through Italy and Spain
•
Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause
widespread disorder, suffering
A New Social Order: Feudalism
 Feudalism Structures Society
•
850 to 950, feudalism emerges—
political system based on land control
•
A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land
grants) in exchange for services
•
Vassals—people who receive fiefs—
become powerful landholders
 The Feudal Pyramid
•
Power in feudal system much like a
pyramid, with king at the top
•
Kings served by nobles who are served
by knights; peasants at bottom
•
Knights—horsemen—defend their
lord’s land in exchange for fiefs
7
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Social Classes Are Well Defined
•
Medieval feudal system classifies
people into three social groups
•
-those who fight: nobles and
knights
•
-those who pray: monks, nuns,
leaders of the Church
•
•
-those who work: peasants
Social class is usually inherited; majority
of people are peasants
•
Most peasants are serfs—people
lawfully bound to place of birth
Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they
produce belongs to their lord
Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
 The Lord’s Estate
•
The lord’s estate, a manor, has an
economic system (manor system)
•
Serfs and free peasants maintain the
lord’s estate, give grain
•
The lord provides housing, farmland,
protection from bandits
8
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 A Self-Contained World
•
Medieval manors include lord’s house,
church, workshops, village
•
Manors cover a few square miles of
land, are largely self-sufficient
 The Harshness of Manor Life
•
Peasants pay taxes to use mill and
bakery; pay a tithe to priest
•
Tithe—a church tax—is equal to onetenth of a peasant’s income
•
Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt
floors, straw for beds
•
Daily grind of raising crops, livestock;
feeding and clothing family
•
Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life
expectancy 35 years
•
Serfs generally accept their lives as part
of God’s plan
Section 3: The Age of Chivalry
Knights: Warriors on Horseback
 The Technology of Warfare Changes
•
Leather saddle and stirrups enable
knights to handle heavy weapons
•
In 700s, mounted knights become most
important part of an army
9
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society
•
By 1000s, western Europe is a
battleground of warring nobles
•
Feudal lords raise private armies of
knights
•
Knights rewarded with land; provides
income needed for weapons
•
Knights’ other activities help train them
for combat
Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry
 The Code of Chivalry
•
By 1100s knights obey code of
chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act
•
They are to protect weak and poor;
serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady
 A Knight’s Training
•
Boys begin to train for knighthood at
age 7; usually knighted at 21
•
Knights gain experience in local wars
and tournaments—mock battles
 Brutal Reality of Warfare
•
Castles are huge fortresses where lords
live
•
Attacking armies use wide range of
strategies and weapons
10
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
The Literature of Chivalry
 Epic Poetry
 Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and
adventures
 The Song of Roland is about
Charlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims
 Love Poems and Songs
 Knights’ duties to ladies are as
important as those to their lords
 Troubadours—traveling poetmusicians—write and sing short verses
 Most celebrated woman of the age is
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204)
 Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted,
also wrote songs and poems
Women’s Role in Feudal Society
 Status of Women
•
According to the Church and feudal
society, women are inferior to men
 Noblewomen
•
Can inherit land, defend castle, send
knights to war on lord’s request
•
Usually confined to activities of the
home or convent
11
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Peasant Women
•
Most labor in home and field, bear
children, provide for family
•
Poor, powerless, do household tasks at
young age
Section 4: The Power of the Church
The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
 The Structure of the Church
•
Power within Church is organized by
status; pope is supreme authority
•
Clergy—religious officials—includes
bishops, priests, and others
•
Bishops supervise priests, settle Church
disputes
 Religion as a Unifying Force
•
Religion important in Middle Ages;
shared beliefs bond people
•
Clergy administers the sacraments—
rites to achieve salvation
•
Village church is place of worship and
celebration
12
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 The Law of the Church
•
The Church has system of justice to
guide people’s conduct
•
All medieval Christians expected to
obey canon law—Church law
•
Canon law governs marriages and
religious practices
•
Popes have power over political leaders
through threat of
•
-excommunication—
banishment from Church, denial of
salvation
•
-interdiction—king’s subjects
denied sacraments and services
•
Kings and emperors expected to obey
pope’s commands
The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
 Otto I Allies with the Church
•
Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king
of Germany in 936
•
Limits strength of nobles with help of
clergy
•
Gains support of bishops and abbots
(heads of monasteries)
•
Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope
crowns him emperor in 962
13
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Signs of Future Conflicts
•
Otto’s German-Italian lands become
Holy Roman Empire
•
Holy Roman Empire is the strongest
European power until about 1100
The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
 Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
•
Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—
kings appointing Church officials
•
Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory
VIII excommunicates Henry
 Showdown at Canossa
•
Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg
Gregory for forgiveness
•
Gregory forgives Henry, but lay
investiture problem is not solved
 Concordat of Worms
•
Concordat of Worms is 1122
compromise in Worms, Germany
•
Compromise: pope appoints bishops,
emperor can veto appointment
14
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
Disorder in the Empire
 The Reign of Frederick I
•
In 1152, Frederick I becomes king;
dominates German princes
•
Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves
Germany
•
Frederick invades Italy, meets defeat at
Legnano In 1176
•
Empire collapses after Frederick’s death
in 1190
 German States Remain Separate
•
German kings after Frederick try to
revive empire
•
German princes, who elect kings, prefer
to keep them weak
Chapter 14
The Formation of Western Europe
Why study the Formation of Western Europe?
15
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
Section 1: Church Reform and the Crusades
The Age of Faith
 Spiritual Revival
•
Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring
about a spiritual revival
•
Reformers help restore and expand
Church power
 Problems in the Church
•
Some Church officials marry even
though the Church objects
•
Some officials practice simony—selling
religious offices
•
Kings use lay investiture to appoint
bishops
•
Reformers believe only the Church
should appoint bishops
 Reform and Church Organization
•
Starting in 1100s, popes reorganize
Church like a kingdom
•
Pope’s advisors make Church laws;
diplomats travel throughout Europe
•
Church collects tithes; uses money to
care for sick, poor
16
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 New Religious Orders
•
Dominican and Franciscan orders form
•
Friars in these orders vow poverty;
travel and preach to the poor
•
Some new orders for women are
founded
Cathedrals—Cities of God
 Early Cathedrals
•
Between 800–1100, churches are built
in Romanesque style
•
Style includes thick walls and pillars,
small windows, round arches
 A New Style of Church Architecture
•
Gothic style evolves around 1100; term
from Germanic tribe, Goths
•
Gothic style has large, tall windows for
more light;
•
pointed arches
Churches have stained glass windows,
many sculptures
•
About 500 Gothic churches are built
from 1170 to 1270
17
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
The Crusades
 The Beginning of the Crusades
•
In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for
help fighting the Turks
•
Pope Urban II issues a call for a
Crusade—a “holy war”
 Goals of the Crusades
•
Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and
reunite Christianity
•
Kings use the Crusades to send away
knights who cause trouble
•
Younger sons hope to earn land or win
glory by fighting
•
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to
gain wealth through trade
18
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 The First and Second Crusades
•
Pope promises Crusaders who die a
place in heaven
•
First Crusade: three armies gather at
Constantinople in 1097
•
Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099
•
Captured lands along coast divided into
four Crusader states
•
Muslims take back Edessa in 1144;
Second Crusade fails to retake it
•
In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and
Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem
 The Third Crusade
•
Third Crusade led by three powerful
rulers
•
One is Richard the Lion-Hearted—king
of England
•
Phillip II of France abandons Crusade
after arguing with Richard
•
Frederick I of Germany drowns during
the journey
•
In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace
after many battles
•
Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows
Christian pilgrims to enter city
19
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
 Later Crusades
•
Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot
Constantinople in 1204
•
Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but
fail to weaken Muslims
 The Children’s Crusade
•
In 1212 thousands of children die or are
enslaved in failed crusade
 A Spanish Crusade
•
Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a
Muslim people
•
Christians fight Reconquista—drive
Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492
•
Spain has Inquisition—court to
suppress heresy; expels non-Christians
20
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
The Effects of the Crusades
 The Crusades Change Life
•
Crusades show power of Church in
convincing thousands to fight
•
Women who stay home manage the
estate and business affairs
•
Merchants expand trade, bring back
many goods from Southwest Asia
•
Failure of later crusades weakens pope
and nobles, strengthens kings
•
Crusades create lasting bitterness
between Muslims and Christians
Section 2: Changes in Medieval Society
A Growing Food Supply
 Changes in Agriculture
•
From 800 to 1200 the climate warms,
opening more land to farming
•
Changes in technology result in more
food production
 Switch to Horsepower
•
Harnessed horses replace oxen in
pulling plows and wagons
•
Horses plow three times as much a day,
increasing food supply
21
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 The Three-Field System
•
Around 800 three-field system used—
plant two fields, let one rest
•
This produces more food and leads to
population increase
The Guilds
 Development of Guilds
•
Guilds develop—organization of
people in the same occupation
•
Merchant guilds begin first; they keep
prices up, provide security
•
Skilled artisans, men and women, form
craft guilds
•
Guilds set standards for quality, prices,
wages, working conditions
•
Guilds supervise training of new
members of their craft
•
The wealth of guilds influences
government and economy
22
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
Commercial Revolution
 Fairs and Trade
•
Europe sees Commercial Revolution—
changes in business and trade
•
Trade fairs are held several times a year
in towns
•
Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa,
and Byzantine ports
 Business and Banking
•
Merchants develop credit to avoid
carrying large sums of money
•
Merchants take out loans to purchase
goods, and banking grows
 Society Changes
•
Economic changes lead to the growth of
cities and of paying jobs
Urban Life Flourishes
 Growing Urban Population
•
1000–1150, Europe’s population rises
from 30 million to 42 million
•
Most towns are small, but they help
drive change
23
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Trade and Towns Grow Together
•
Towns are uncomfortable: crowded,
dirty, full of fire hazards
•
Serfs can become free by living in a
town for a year and a day
 Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order
•
Feudal lords tax and govern towns,
causing resentment
•
Towns are taken over by burghers—
town merchants
The Revival of Learning
 The Muslim Connection
•
Christian scholars read translations of
Greek works made by Muslims
•
Crusaders return with Muslim
knowledge of navigation, ships,
weapons
 Scholars and the University
•
Groups of scholars gather to teach and
learn; form universities
•
Written works not in Latin but in
vernacular—everyday language
24
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
•
Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar,
mixes Greek and Christian thought
•
He is a scholastic—university man;
debates issues to increase knowledge
Section 3: England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
 Early Invasions
•
Danish Vikings invade England
throughout the 800s
•
Alfred the Great and his successors
gradually unite England
•
Danish king Canute invades in 1016,
uniting Vikings and Anglo-Saxons
 The Norman Conquest
•
In 1066, England is invaded for last time
by William the Conqueror
•
He defeats his rival for English crown,
becomes king
•
William keeps one-fifth of land; hands
out rest to supporters
25
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
England’s Evolving Government
 King and Vassal
•
English rulers’ goal: to control lands in
both England and France
•
Henry II—king of England—gains more
French land through marriage
•
Henry is king in England and a vassal in
France
 Juries and Common Law
•
Henry sends judges to all parts of
England and institutes juries
•
The judges’ decisions form English
common law—unified body of laws
•
Common law forms the basis of law in
many
•
English-speaking countries
 The Magna Carta
•
In 1215 English nobles force King John
to sign Magna Carta
•
Magna Carta—limits king’s power and
guarantees basic political rights
•
English people argue the rights are for
all people, not just nobles
26
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 The Model Parliament
•
In 1295, Edward I summons wealthy
townsmen and knights to raise taxes
•
Together with bishops and lords, they
form a parliament—legislative body
•
Parliament has two houses: House of
Lords, House of Commons
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
 The End of the Carolingians
•
New French dynasty founded by Hugh
Capet—a duke from central France
•
The Capetians rule France from Paris
from 987–1328
 France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
•
Early Capetians are weak rulers;
gradually kings become stronger
 Philip II Expands His Power
•
Philip II—a powerful Capetian, rules
1180–1223
•
Philip expands land controlled by
French king
•
He establishes bailiffs to collect taxes
and run courts
27
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Philip II’s Heirs
•
1226 to 1270 grandson Louis IX
strengthens the central government
•
1285 to 1314 Philip IV rules; questions
pope’s authority in France
•
Philip calls meeting of lords and bishops
to support his policies
•
He decides to include commoners in the
meeting
 Estates-General
•
The meeting is called the EstatesGeneral
•
Participants in the council come from
France’s three Estates
•
-First Estate—Church leaders
•
-Second Estate—lords
•
-Third Estate—commoners,
landholders, merchants
28
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Beginnings of Democracy
•
England and France begin to establish a
democratic tradition
•
A centralized government is created to
rule widespread lands
•
Common law and court system support
a central government
•
Commoners included in decision
making
Section 4: The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
A Church Divided
 Pope and King Collide
•
In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts
authority over France’s Philip IV
•
Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies
soon after
 Avignon and the Great Schism
•
In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves
to Avignon—city in France
•
In 1378, two popes chosen—one in
Rome, one in Avignon
•
Each declares the other false, causing
split called Great Schism
•
In 1417, Council of Constance ends
schism, chooses Martin V as pope
29
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Scholars Challenge Church Authority
•
Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus
is head of the Church, not pope
•
Wycliffe preaches against wealth and
worldliness of clergy
•
Wycliffe inspires English translation of
New Testament
•
Jan Hus—Bohemian professor—
teaches that Bible is final authority
•
Hus is excommunicated, tried as a
heretic, burned at stake in 1415
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
 Origins and Impact of the Plague
•
In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic
plague—extremely deadly disease
•
Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and
other countries over trade routes
•
About one-third of Europe’s population
dies in the epidemic
30
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Effects of the Plague
•
Town populations fall, trade declines,
prices rise
•
Some serfs leave manors for paying
work
•
Many Jews blamed and killed; Church
suffers weakened stature
The Hundred Years’ War
 England and France
•
Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–
1453, between England and France
•
English king Edward III claims French
throne
•
War marks the end of medieval society;
change in style of warfare
 The Longbow Changes Warfare
•
In 1346, English army with longbows
beats much larger French army
•
The English win other victories with
longbows in 1356 and 1415
•
Victory of longbows signals end of
reliance on knights
31
The Middle Ages
Chapters 13 and 14
 Joan of Arc
•
Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who
believes in visions of saints
•
She leads French army to victory at
Orléans; Charles VII crowned king
•
In 1430 England’s allies, the
Burgundians, capture Joan in battle
•
The Church condemns Joan as a witch
and heretic
•
On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the
stake
 The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
•
Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453
•
France and England experience major
changes
•
-rise in nationalistic feelings;
king becomes national leader
•
-power and prestige of French
monarch increases
•
-religious devotion and the
code of chivalry crumbles
•
England begins period of turmoil, War
of the Roses
32