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Name: ________________________________________________ Block: ___________ Insect Karyotyping A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosome pairs an organism has. The organism’s chromosomes are stained to show patterns of banding and a photograph of those chromosomes is then taken, cut, and put into pairs arranged by size, arm length, centromere position, and banding patterns. Changes in chromosome number or differences in banding patterns may indicate genetic disorders. Monosomy is when a cell has only one chromosome of a pair of chromosomes. Trisomy is when a cell has an extra copy of a chromosome, so that there are three of that type of chromosome rather than two. Sometimes part of a chromosome is missing – bands that should be there are not. This is known as deletion. Sometimes chromosomes have repeated sections that cause them to be larger than normal, this is known as duplication. There is a certain (fictional) species of insect that normally has three pairs of chromosomes – two pairs of body chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Their normal karyotypes and genotypes are shown in Table #2. However, sometimes these insects have chromosomal disorders in their karyotypes that cause certain disorders. These disorders are listed in Table #1. Errors in a single chromosome can cause multiple problems in these insects because there are many genes on each chromosome. You are a researcher who has been given karyotypes of the chromosomes for six different insects. You should use these karyotypes to determine the gender of each insect, what disorders (if any) each insect has, and the chromosomal errors that caused each disorder. Directions 1. Read Table #1 – Genetic Disorders of Insects to become familiar with the different kinds of disorders and the errors they cause. 2. Look over Table #2 – Normal Karyotypes to become familiar with how a normal insect’s karyotype should look. 3. Examine Table #3 – Insect Karyotypes and determine each of the following: a. Determine the gender of each insect. b. Circle the genetic disorder that has taken place, (if there is one). c. Circle the chromosome error that has occurred, (if there is one). 4. Answer each of the questions in the Analysis/Matching sections. Table #1: Genetic Disorders of Insects Disorder Size Reduction Disorder Clear Wing Disorder Chromosome Error Only one sex chromosome (Monosomy). A single large chromosome produces a tiny female. A single small chromosome produces a tiny male. Trisomy of the second chromosome pair Produces infertile insects with clear wings. Duplication Disorder Duplication of a part of the first chromosome (which makes the chromosome appear larger than normal) Produces a two-headed insect with banded wings and additional body segments. Unsegmented Disorder Deletion of a small part of the large sex chromosome (which makes the chromosome smaller than normal) Produces a small insect with no body segmentation. Phenotype Table #2: Normal Karyotypes Sex Chromosomes Body Chromosomes Normal Male Normal Female Table #3: Insect Karyotypes – Circle the correct answer for Gender, Genetic Disorder and Chromosome Error. Insect 1 2 Karyotype Gender Genetic Disorder Chromosome Error Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None 3 4 5 6 Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None Size Reduction Trisomy Male Clear Wing Monosomy Female Duplication Deletion Unsegmented Duplication None None Analysis: 1. What is a Karyotype? _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. How are chromosome pairs arranged? ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. How can genetic disorders be indicated? a. _________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________ 4. How many disorders affect the gender (sex) of the insect? Which one(s)? ____________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. If you had a small insect with no body segments and clear wings, what disorders may it have? __________________________________________________________________ Matching – Put the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. _____ 6. Monosomy A. Part of a chromosome is missing. _____ 7. Trisomy B. Only one chromosome of a pair of chromosomes is present. C. Repeated sections of a chromosome that cause them to be larger than normal. D. A cell has an extra copy of a chromosome, so there are three chromosomes rather than two. _____ 8. Deletion _____ 9. Duplication Design an Insect – Use the Karyotype below to draw and describe the insect. Drawing Gender Genetic Disorder Chromosome Error (List all that apply) (List all that apply)