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By: Casio, Mariel C. Pacas, Trina D. Vacunawa. Mark P. TOPICS Grammatically correct sentences Subject-Verb Agreement Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Clever Language Topics cont… Consistent Tense of Verbs Simple Sentences Compound Sentences TOPIC 1 SENTENCES SENTENCE A group of words with two main parts: a complete subject and a complete predicate. * Together these parts express a complete thought. SENTENCE Subject: • The topic of the sentence; • It names the person, concept, or thing the sentence is talking about; • About which something is stated, asked, ordered, or exclaimed by the use of finite verb. SENTENCE Predicate: • What is said of the subject means “to say or declare”; • It is the action, state or condition which is stated, asked ordered, or exclaimed by the use of finite verb. Subject and Predicate He wandered around in search of his wallet. Subject: He Predicate: Wandered around … Subject and Predicate The butterfly with the golden wings landed. Subject: The butterfly… Predicate: landed Subject and Predicate The tall pine trees swayed in the wind. Subject: The tall pine trees Predicate: swayed in the wind Subject and Predicate The Bermuda Triangle lies between Florida, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico Subject: The Bermuda Triangle Predicate: lies between… ACTIVITY Recognizing Complete Subject and Predicates TOPIC 2 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Subject-Verb Agreement To make a subject and a verb agree, make sure that both are singular or that both are plural. There are certain rules to follow to make the subject and the verb agree with each other. Rules # 1 Nouns in plural form but singular in meaning take a singular verb. Examples: a. Statistics is my favorite subject. b. Measles attacks the whole town. Rules # 2 Plural titles of the books, periodicals, films, and the like takes a singular verb. Examples: a. Great expectations is our favorite. b. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People is is my favorite book. Rules # 3 Use do for plural subjects and does for singular subjects. But be sure that the main verb of the sentence is in its base form. Rules # 3 Examples: a. She doesn’t even want salt and sugar to scatter all over the pantry. b. Does your office have any frame or design? c. We don’t have any hi-tech office equipment. Rules # 4 Fractions and percentage attached to non-count nouns take a singular verb; fractions and percentage attached to count nouns take a plural verb. Rules # 4 Examples: a. Half of the land was given to my brother. b. Only a fraction of those desks are bought in the lowlands. c. Two-thirds of the sand is not enough. Rules # 4 Examples: d. Two-thirds of the units have exploded. e. Sixty percent of the registered voters are expected to vote this coming elections. f. Sixty percent of the land is forest. Rules # 5 Periods of time, measurement, rate, amount, price, and weighs take a singular verb. Rules # 5 Examples: a. Its size is 12 square meters. b. Six days is too short for this project. c. Three hundred pesos per hour is my rate in the tutorial service. Rules # 5 Examples: d. Fifteen thousand pesos is very inexpensive for this table. e. This is 10 kilos of sugar. f. I think 40 hours was spent to complete third year’s sales report. Rules # 6 Collective noun regarded as one unit or acting as one takes a singular verb. Collective noun regarded as separate units or acting separately takes a plural verb. Rules # 6 Examples: a. The board has decided to fire the corporate secretary. b. The board have argued about the issue of firing the secretary Rules # 6 Examples: c. The council has approved the passing of the ordinance. d. The council are dividing themselves on the divorce issue. Rules # 6 Note: if the verb in a statement implies agreement (e.g. decided, agreed, approved), the collective noun is considered singular. Rules # 6 Note: if the verb in a statement implies disagreement (e.g. divided, argued, debated), the collective noun is considered plural. Rules # 7 Compound subjects connected by and generally take a plural verb. However, if the compounded subjects refer to the same person, thing, or idea, use a singular vern. Rules # 7 Examples: a. My classmate and my friend are with me. b. My classmate and friend is with me. Rules # 7 Examples: c. The secretary and the minute-taker are present today. d. The secretary and minute-taker is present today. Rules # 8 Compound subjects joined by not only…but also and both…and take a plural verb Rules # 8 Examples: a. Not only boys but also girls are entitled to scholarship. b. Both you and I have the chance to be promoted. Rules # 9 Multiple Subjects – Words or phrases (together with, as well as, in addition to, including, with, plus and accompanied by) added to a singular subject do not make it plural. Rules # 9 Examples: a. The table, together with its chairs, costs PhP 150, 000.00. b. My friend, as well as my enemies, has supported my ideas. c. James, in addition to Jericho and Greg, was sent off. Rules # 10 Neither…nor and either … or follow the proximity rule. Meaning, the verb must agree with the subject nearest to the verb. Rules # 10 Examples: a. Neither Mario nor Jolo plays guitar. b. Neither Mario nor his friends play guitar. c. During weekends, either the janitors or guard does the cleaning. Rules # 10 Examples: d. Either Anton or Badong is going to perform the task. ** Further, when either and neither are used without or and nor,respectively, a singular verb is needed Rules # 10 Examples: a. Neither of them plays guitar. b. Either of them is going to perform the task. c. Not Carlos but my friends perform every Sunday in the City. Rules # 11 Few and Less/A Little; Many and Much – use few for count nouns and less/a little for noncount nouns. Hence, use singular verb for less and plural verb for few. Rules # 11 Use many for count nouns and much for noncount nouns. Hence, use a singular verb for much and plural verb for many. Rules # 11 Examples: a. For the size of our office, few computers are enough. b. A little effort is needed to clean it. c. Less sugar was added to my coffee. Rules # 11 Examples: d. Many are called but few are chosen. e. Much has been said about the issue of divorce. Rules # 12 Some and all take a singular verb if followed by a noncount noun and plural if followed by a count noun. Rules # 12 Examples: a. Some people are desperate to live. b. Some mayonnaise was spread on the sandwich. c. I’m sure all your desks are imported. Rules # 12 Examples: d. Almost all of them are from the Philippines. e. My mother is very organized that’s why all salt is tightly covered. Rules # 13 Indefinite pronouns like every, each, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing, no one, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, and something takes a singular verb. Rules # 13 Examples: a. No one of my staff wants to give advice. b. Each man and woman has the right to vote. c. Nobody wants to be lonely. Rules # 12 Examples: d. Everyone is really busy during weekends. e. If somebody calls, tell him I’m not home. f. Everybody is allowed to enter the room. Rules # 14 Adjectives used as a subject take a plural verb. Example: a. The organized are always well liked. b. The hardworking are rewarded. c. The poor get poorer, and the rich get richer. Rules # 15 The use of none is probably the most confusing part in the subject-verb agreement. However, survey says that when none refers to noncount nouns, use a singular verb. But when none refers to count nouns, use either a plural or singular verb. Rules # 15 Example: a. None of my childrenwants/want to give advice. b. None of the water was toxic. Rules # 15 The use of none is probably the most confusing part in the subject-verb agreement. However, survey says that when none refers to noncount nouns, use a singular verb. But when none refers to count nouns, use either a plural or singular verb. Rules # 15 Example: a. None of my children wants/want to give advice. b. None of the water was toxic. Rules # 16 Nouns occurring in sets of two take a singular when the noun pair is used but take a plural when the noun pair is not used – regardless of whether one pair or more is being referred to. Rules # 16 Example: a. A pair of shoes is ruined by the flood. b. A pair of pants was bought from the mall. c. Theses shoes are not so clean. d. Danilo’s pants are from Hong Kong. Rules # 17 Majority and Minority take a singular verb when they mean abstract or generic. They take plural verb when used to refer to explicit set of specific persons. Rules # 17 Example: a. Majority of the frames were bought in Cebu. b. The great majority is against the legislative bill. c. The senate majority was against the bill. Rules # 18 The Number vs. A Number. Use singular verb for the Number and plural verb for a number. Rules # 18 Example: a. The number of people killed in the landslide was 145. b. A number of people are waiting for the arrival of the President. Rules # 19 When using the phrase one of the , the verb agrees with the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Rules # 19 Example: a. One of the students who were arrested because of riot is Enrico. b. One of the policemen who were in the scene was Enrico’s brother. Activity 2 TOPIC 3 CONSISTENT TENSE OF VERBS Verb Is a part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Example: sleep, conquer, step judge, watch, sing, etc… Verb Tense 3 Main Tenses of Verb 1. Simple Tense 2. Perfect Tense 3. Progressive Tense Simple Tense Includes the simple past, simple present and simple future. Simple Tense Uses To express general ideas, relationships, and truths. To describe habitual actions To describe mental perceptions or emotions Simple Tense Uses To express possession or personal relationship To establish the time frame and the moment of focus. Simple Tense Examples Families will always be important to most of us. People once believed the earth was flat. Mark has three brothers. Perfect Tense Perfect tense of verbs are formed by have (has, have, had, will have) + past participle verb –ed or irregular form). Perfect Tense Uses To describe events that happen before the moment of focus. To describe events that started in the past and continue to be true in the present. This contrasts with the use of simple past. Perfect Tense Uses To describe events that the speaker believes are relevant to the moment of focus. Perfect Tense Examples To date, Mark has taken five days off from work for vacation. By this time tomorrow, even more acres of the rain forest will have been destroyed. Progressive Tense Progressive tense of verbs include a form of be + a present participle (verb+-ing) Progressive Tense Uses To describe actions already in progress at the moment of focus. To describe actions at the moment of focus in contrast to habitual actions. To express repeated actions. Progressive Tense Uses To describe temporary situations in contrast to permanent states. To describe periods of time in contrast to points of time. To express uncompleted actions. Progressive Tense Examples When Mark gets home from work, Hannah is often studying. Eric usually goes out to eat on Fridays. This Friday, however, he is cooking at home. Activity 3 TOPIC 4 PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT Pronoun A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. Pronouns are important in daily interaction. They shorten and make the sentence reader-friendly. Pronoun and their Antecedents 1. Avoid double antecedents. double antecedent means that there are two possible antecedents for a pronoun. This error could be corrected: a. by repeating the antecedent; b. using a synonym for the antecedent; or c. changing the sentence construction Vague: If the doll does not fit the box, adjust it Clear: Adjust the doll if it does not fit the box. Vague: Carlo told his father that he had lost his tie. Clear: Carlo told his father that he, Carlo, had lost his father’s tie. Pronoun and their Antecedents cont… 2. Avoid missing antecedents missing antecedent means that no antecedent is being referred to by the pronoun. This could be corrected: a. by providing each noun a specific and clearly expressed antecedent; or b. replacing the pronoun with a noun. Vague: In his school, they do not have any swimming pool. Clear: His school does not have any swimming pool. Pronoun and their Antecedents cont… 3. Place the pronouns who, which, and that immediately after the noun they are referring to. Vague: I found a candy in my bag, which I ate. Clear: I ate the candy, which I found in my bag. Pronoun and their Antecedents cont… 4. Avoid broad reference Broad reference means that pronouns like it, this, and that refer to the whole sentence. Vague: The government has constructed housing units of low-salaried employees. This ism indeed, commendable. Clear: The government has constructed housing units for low-salaried employees. This project, is indeed commendable Pronoun and their Antecedents cont… 5. Make the number of the pronoun agree with its antecedent particularly in formal context, Vague: Everybody wants to submit their proposal. Clear: Everybody wants to submit his/her proposal. TOPIC 5 SIMPLE SENTENCES Simple Sentences A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought. A simple sentence has one independent clause and expresses one idea. Simple Sentences Examples A friend of mine plays chess with me. The forward with the knee brace made ten baskets. Students going on the trip left early this morning. Simple Sentences Examples cont… The frightened witnesses wrote reports for the police. The boxes under the sink is empty. The weary commuters were angry about the delay. TOPIC 6 COMPOUND SENTENCES Compound Sentences A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating Conjunctions F A N B O Y S for and nor but or yet so Simple Sentences Examples Joe waited for the train, but the train was late. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived. Simple Sentences Examples Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived. Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station. References (book) Vallamin, A. et al.(2005). Skill Builders for Efficient Readers. Phoenix Publishing House. Cruz, Isagani, A., Quiason, Camilo D.(2001). Fundamentals of English Grammar. Manila: RexBook Store Inc. Barrot, Jessie S.(2011). Grammar First: A Communicative Way in Learning Grammar. Manila: RexBook Store Inc. Watkins, Floyd C., Dillingham, William B.(1996). Practical English handbook 10th ed. Illinois: Houghton Mifflin Company. Forlini,G., Bauer, M.B., Biener, L., Capo, L., Kenyon, K.M., Shaw, D.H., Verner, Z.(2009). Prentice Hall: Grammar and Composition 1. Singapore: Pearson Education Sounth Asia Pte Ltd. References (book) cont… San Miguel, J.G., Barraquio, D.C.T., Revilla, R.DV.(2010). Smart English: More than a Worktext for Grammar and Syntax. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc. Refernces (internet) Improve Your Writing. (2014). Retrieved January 7, 2014 from http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutori al/page_31.htm Straus, M. Subject-Verb Agreement. Retrieved January 7, 2014 from http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectverbagree.asp Sentences. (2014). Retrieved January 7, 2014 from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_WritingSkills/writin g_tuts/sentences_LL/simple.html Refernces (internet) cont… English Composition 1. (2014). Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/sentences.htm Pronoun- Antecedent Agreement. (2014). Retrieved January 6, 2014 from http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/pronante.html Usage - Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement. (2014). Retrieved January 6, 2014 from http://www.towson.edu/ows/pro_antagree.htm Verb Tense Consistency. (2014). Retrieved January 7, 2014 from http://www.towson.edu/ows/tenseconsistency.htm Improve Your Writing. (2014). Retrieved January 7, 2014 from http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutori Template Provided By www.animationfactory.com 500,000 Downloadable PowerPoint Templates, Animated Clip Art, Backgrounds and Videos