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GRAMMAR CHAPTER 14 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT BASIC INFO. 2+ words must correspond with each other to make sense of a sentence Gender + # of a pronoun or possessive adjective must match the gender & # of the noun it refers to Ex: John is putting on his new shirt. (Masculine singular subject/masc. sing. poss. adj.) LOST MEANING Changing the gender or # of the subject John is putting on his new shirt. Mary is putting on his new shirt. John is putting on our new shirt. The boys are putting on my new shirt. 3RD PERSON SINGULAR & PLURAL In most cases: a plural subject has a different present-tense verb ending from a singular subject The boy plays tag in the street. The boys play tag in the street. She learns a lot about English. They learn a lot about English. 3RD PERSON SINGULAR & PLURAL: HAVE When HAVE is used in the present perfect tense, there is also a difference between the singular and plural. My brother has been in Ireland for two weeks. My parents have been in Ireland for two weeks. 14.1 UNDERLINE THE APPROPRIATE VERB FORM & CIRCLE THE CLUE IN THE SENTENCE 1. There is/are many reasons for voting. 2. Angela writes/write lots of e-mails, but she doesn’t save any. 3. Peter and I was/were playing poker the other night. 4. The people in Madrid is/are very well dressed. 5. Susan’s mother always wakes/wake her up in time for school. 14.1 6. My grandmother’s friends likes/like to go to church at noon. 7. There was/were many children playing in the park. 8. Does/Do you like those movies? 9. Mother Teresa, Gandhi, and Camus was/were socially engaged. 10. He is/are a very good speaker. AUXILIARIES Must be conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence. A child is playing in the garden. Many children are playing in the park. Does the woman understand English? Do the tourists understand French? 14.2 COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH AN APPROPRIATE FORM OF THE VERB IN PARENTHESES. 1. They_______(run) up and down the stairs when the accident took place. 2. My aunt______(not+work) in a hair salon. 3. The house_______(have) a fence around it. 4. Our village huts________(be) exotic. 5. Everybody________(scream) really loud. THE VERB: BE Only verb with more than 2 forms in simple present tense. In the past it has 2 forms. I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, you were, they were If the subject of be is a noun, the 3rd person form is used. They boy is at school. Mary and Jane were named co-chairpersons. 14.3 COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH THE APPROPRIATE PRESENT-TENSE FORM OF BE 1. I________extremly tired. 2. You_______very noisy. 3. We________from Rwanda. 4. They________going to Merida. 5. He_______a pilot. 6. She_______always smiling. 7. It _______a photo of my grandparents. **Now change the forms to the past-tense form of be EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY For many, the verb form is determined by the noun/pronoun that follows “of.” “Some of” or “most of” followed by a singular noun/pronoun uses a singular verb form. If those phrases an “many of” are followed by a plural noun, the verb form is plural. Some of the icing is running. Most of the equipment was sold. Many of these people are my friends. This applies to many other expressions of quantity. A number of people miss the bus. Two thirds of the diamonds are mine. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY If the number is used instead of a number, the verb form is singular, because a specific number is being referred to. The number of people on the bus is 53. “One of, each of, and every one of” take a singular form. One of my parents is about to arrive. Every one of my cousins is here. “None” is singular, “none of” is plural. None of the boys is here. (formal) None of the boys are here. (casual) 14.4 UNDERLINE THE APPROPRIATE VERB FORM IN EACH SENTENCE 1. Every one of the soldiers is/are required to pass an obstacle test. 2. Each girl on the team has/have her own tennis racket. 3. One of my best friends is/are suffering from migraines. 4. A lot of shoes on those racks is/are on sale tomorrow. 5. A lot of women in the class is/are active feminists. 14.4 6. Half of this strawberry cake belongs/belong to you. 7. Half of the students in this course is/are from Belgium. 8. Some of the kiwis I bought is/are really sweet. 9. Some of the fruit I forgot in my car trunk is/are rotting. 10. Every one of the parts is/are closely examined for quality control. THERE IS/ARE Both expressions are singular & plural, respectively The noun that follows determines the verb form There is a man standing in the parkway. There are men standing in the parkway. There is someone I want you to meet. 14.5 WRITE IN THE CORRECT FORM OF BE. THEN, EXPLAIN WHY 1. There______hundreds of types of tea in China. 2. There______a mosquito in my tent! 3. There ______many ways to get downtown. 4. There________a message for you. 5. There______a report on the incident. 6. There_______ laws against free speech. 14.5 7. How many kinds of frogs________there in South America? 8. Why______there a public school in town? 9. There________a ruler in my bag. 10. There_________some erasers and highlighters in my drawer. COLLECTIVE NOUNS Occasionally, a noun ending in –s is singular, especially for those considered “indivisible units” The United States is an important country. The new is televised. If such noun is changed to a pronoun, “it” is used. This can be applied to expressions of time, distance, and money. Ten hours of flying is too long. People and police are plural. All those people are trapped inside their homes. The police have intervened swiftly. COLLECTIVE NOUNS Several adjectives preceded by “the” are used as plural nouns The old are not well taken care of in this country. The rich keep getting richer. Other adjectives used as plural nouns: The blind, dead, deaf, wrongly accused, injured & wounded, handicapped, living, young 14.6 UNDERLINE THE APPROPRIATE VERB FORM IN EACH SENTENCE 1. Ten dollars is/are a reasonable price for an ink pen. 2. Five minutes is/are all the time allocated for the exam. 3. The number on that car’s license plate is/are fake. 4. Mathematics is/are used to calculate everything. 5. Physics tries/try to explain motion. 14.6 6. Massachusetts is/are 200 miles away from the border. 7. The news about the plane crash is/are pretty alarming. 8. The United Nations is/are an important international institution. 9. Many people in the world does/do not own a home. 10. The police is/are paid for by tax money and federal funds. 14.7 COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB 1. Be:_______July and August the hottest months of the year in Houston? 2. Be: The interest rates for the house loan_______cheap, because it is a small house. 3. Be: A blue parrot and a yellow parrot_______perched in the cage. 4. Be: A yellow and blue car______ parked in the driveway. 5. Do:________ most of the children take a nap after lunch? 14.7 6. Do:_______John’s dog always bark that loudly? 7. Be: My spare key________in my back pocket. 8. Be: Each dollar, quarter, dime, and cent_______ carefully accounted for in our company. 9. Make: Attentiveness to other people’s reactions_________an efficient salesman. 10. Keep: One of my sisters________ a hairbrush in her purse at all times. AUXILIARY VERBS The auxiliary verb must agree with the subject of a sentence. He is singing. He is to be freed. They are singing. They are to be freed. Examples with HAVE follow: He has learned. They have learner. He has been jogging.They have been jogging. Examples with DO follow: Does he understand? He did not care. Do they understand? They did not care. COMPLEX SENTENCES Dependent clause: relative clause when it begins with who, which, or that. The man, who was walking down the street, was poor. Do you see the plane that is flying away? When 1 of those words is followed by a verb phrase, the relative pronoun (who, which, or that) becomes the SUBJECT of the clause. COMPLEX SENTENCES If who, which, or that is the subject of the relative clause, the verb must reflect the # of the subject (sing. or pl.) John found a pen that is made of silver. Mary found two pens that are made of silver. If the antecedent of who, which, or that is singular, the relative pronoun is singular. If the antecedent is plural, the relative pronoun is plural. The verb will agree in gender & # of both the antecedent and relative pronoun. COMPLEX SENTENCES Whose cannot be a subject. The subject of the clause is the noun that immediately follows whose. He is the architect whose mother comes from a poor country. (singular) He is the architect whose parents come from a poor country. (plural) 14.8 UNDERLINE THE ANTECEDENT(S) OH WHO, WHICH, OR THAT 1. Frank plays tennis with Mark and Pamela, who are his best friends. 2. She works in Manhattan, which is the most densely populated borough in New York City. 3. People who live in a house are fortunate. 4. Do you see the cars that are parked at the end of this street? 14.9 UNDERLINE THE APPROPRIATE FORM IN EACH SENTENCE 1. The book that was/were on the table is mine. 2. Tyler, who is/are already finished with law school, is 22 years old. 3. Tour guides who talks/talk too much are annoying. 4. The government must support people who is/are poor. 5. Sophie ate the brownies that was/were on the plate.