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Cornell Notes Topic: Holt Handbook Chapter 10: Using Pronouns Correctly Questions/ Main Idea Details/Notes Case is the form that a noun or pronoun takes to Case show its relationship to other words in a sentence. In English, there are 3 cases: nominative, objective, possessive. The form of a noun is the same for both the nominative case and the objective case. For example, a noun used as a subject (nominative case) will have the same form when used as an indirect object (objective case.) Nominative case: The singer received a standing ovation. [subject] Objective case: The audience gave the singer a standing ovation. [indirect object] A noun changes its form in the possessive case, usually by adding an apostrophe and an s. Possessive case: Many of the singer’s fans waited outside the theater. Unlike nouns, most personal pronouns have different forms for all three cases. In the following example, the pronouns in boldface type all refer to the same person. They have 3 different forms because of their different uses. • I [nominative] remembered to bring my [possessive] homework with me [objective]. Refer to chart on pg. 216 Nominative Case --Predicate nominative Objective Case --Direct object Nominative case pronouns – I, you, he, she, it, we and they – are used as subjects of verbs and as predicate nominatives. The subject of a verb should be in the nominative case. Examples: • I like classical music. [I is the subject of like.] • Did he and she sell tickets? [He and she are the subjects of Did sell] A predicate nominative should be in the nominative case. It is a noun or a pronoun that is in the predicate and that identifies or refers to the subject of the verb. A personal pronoun used as a predicated nominative follows a linking verb, usually a form of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were, be, or been). Examples: • The last one to leave was he. [He follows the linking verb was and identifies the subject one.] Objective case pronouns – me, you, him, her, it, us and them – are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of preposition. A direct object should be in the objective case. It is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. Examples: • Evan surprised them. [Them tells whom Evan surprised] • Uncle Ramon took me to the rodeo. [Me tells whom Uncle Ramon took] • The ranger guided us to the camp. [Us tells whom the ranger guided.] --Indirect object --Object of a preposition Possessive Case An indirect object should be in the object case. They often appear in sentences containing direct objects. It tells to whom or what or for whom or what the action of the verb is done. An indirect object usually comes between an action and its direct object. Examples: • Coach Mendez gave them a pep talk. [Them tells to whom Coach Mendez gave a pep talk.] • His mother built him a bookcase. [Him tells for whom his mother built a bookcase.] A noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of a preposition. This should be in the objective case. Examples: • When did you mail the package to them? [Them is the object of the proposition to.] • Are you still planning to go to the movies with us? [Us is the object of the proposition with.] The personal pronouns in the possessive case – my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs – are used to show ownership or possession. The possessive pronouns mine, your, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs are used as parts of a sentence in the same ways in which pronouns in the nominative and the objective cases are used. (See examples on pg. 225.) The possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, our, and their are used before nouns to show ownership or possession. Who and Whom Appositives The use of who or whom in a subordinated clause depends on how the pronoun functions in the clause. (Refer to steps on pg. 226.) A pronoun used as an appositive is in the same case as the word to which it refers. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. Examples: • The runners – he, she, and I – warmed up on the track. [The pronouns are in the nominative case because they are used as appositives of the subject, runners.] • The drama coach introduces the actors, Laura and me. [The pronoun is in the objective case because it is used as an appositive of the direct object, actors.] Sometimes a pronoun is followed directly by an appositive. To help you choose which pronoun to use before an appositive, omit the appositive and try each form of the pronouns separately. (See examples on pg. 227.) Clear Reference 1. Avoid an ambiguous reference, which occurs when any one of two or more words could be a pronoun’s antecedent. Example: Ambiguous: Melissa proofread Stacy’s essay while she was at lunch. [Was Melissa at lunch or was Stacy?] Clear: While Melissa was at lunch, she proofread Stacy’s essay. Clear: Melissa proofread Stacy’s essay while Stacy was at lunch. 2. Avoid a weak reference, which occurs when a pronoun refers to an antecedent that has been suggested but not expressed. Example: Weak: We sat quietly bird-watching all afternoon, but we never saw any. [The antecedent of any is not expressed.] Clear: We sat quietly bird-watching all afternoon, but we never saw any birds. Clear: We sat quietly all afternoon watching for birds, but we never saw any.