* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Greek contributions to Islamic world wikipedia , lookup
Spartan army wikipedia , lookup
History of science in classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
First Peloponnesian War wikipedia , lookup
Pontic Greeks wikipedia , lookup
Corinthian War wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of Greece and the Greek world wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek cuisine wikipedia , lookup
Greek Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek literature wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Persian Wars wikipedia , lookup
First Persian invasion of Greece wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ancient Greece History Alive: Unit 5 Lesson 25: Geography & the Settlement of Greece • Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula • What is a peninsula? – This means that Greece is surrounded on all three sides by water. – Greece has a lot of smaller peninsulas sticking out from it, which means Greece enjoys many natural harbors. What three bodies of water surround Greece to make it a peninsula? • Greece is also covered with mountains. They are not huge mountains but if you are trying to go from place to place in Greece, you'll find the mountains a bit difficult to travel. • Three thousand years ago, it was very difficult to get from place to place in ancient Greece by walking. But it was easy to get from place to place in ancient Greece by ship. • Ancient Greeks felt deep ties to the land, but the mountains and seas divided them from one another. As a result, early Greek communities grew up fiercely independent. Sparta Athens • What are the mountains in Greece like? – They are steep & rocky • Why was the sea important to the ancient Greeks? – They used the sea to establish colonies & trade with people from other lands • Why were ancient Greek communities isolated from one another? – Mountains which made travel & communication difficult • What were some of the dangers of travel? – Traveling by land included rocks that could shatter wooden wheels & attack by bandits – Traveling by sea included attack by pirates, robbery by sailors, and storms that could drive ships into rocks • In the ancient world, the Greeks became known as great sailors. They explored much of the Mediterranean Sea. They loved to establish new Greek cities. They traded with other countries around the Mediterranean. The Greeks created settlements overseas known as colonies. Minoan traders in Egypt • Greek cities were founded around the Black Sea, North Africa, Italy, Sicily, France and Spain. Many tales and legends grew up about the strange lands and creatures that could be found across the sea. • Meanwhile, back in mainland Greece, cities were thriving. The Greeks used the sea to their advantage. They had a wealth of seafood, fresh fish, and fresh drinking water. The Greeks were very happy with their land. Hey…that doesn’t sound right??? •Ancient Greeks were fishers, sailors, traders, and farmers. •Although Greece’s rocky soil made it difficult to farm, people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes in the favorable climate. • After the Dark Age, Greek people began to set up colonies in other countries. This colonization spread Greek culture. • Trade between colonists and the parent cities grew, and soon merchants were trading goods for money instead of more goods. • Colonists traded grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people in exchange for pottery, wine, and olive oil. • List three crops Greek farmers grew & three animals they raised. – Wheat and barley – Grapes and olives – Vegetables, fruits, and nuts – Sheep, goats, oxen, mules & donkeys & bees • Why did Greek settlements often fight one another? – They fought each other because there was a shortage of land • Why did the Greeks start colonies? – They needed more farmland to feed their people • Describe the steps the Greeks followed when they started a new colony? – 1st…consulted an oracle to see if they would be successful – 2nd…gathered food & supplies and took a flame from the town’s sacred fire & begin the long sea voyage – 3rd…find a safe place with good farmland and harbors • Why did some Greek settlements trade? – To get the goods they needed • What products from the Greek mainland were traded? What products did the Greeks get in exchange? – Olive, oil, pottery, and wine from the Greek mainland were traded – In exchange they got grain, timber, and metal • • • • • • • Wheat Sheep Wood Beans Pottery Jewelry Furniture • • • • • • • • • Peas Cattle Pigs Leather Walnuts Olive oil Silver Honey Marble Lesson 26: The Rise of Democracy • A polis, or city-state, was like an independent country. City-states varied in size and population. • An acropolis, located at the top of a hill, was the main gathering place of the city-state. • An agora, or open area, served as a market and as a place for people to meet and debate issues. Monarchy • Under a monarchy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ONE PERSON I lost power because I depended on the aristocrats to help me during war, but they demanded more power & finally overthrew me • The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities. • In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens. • How does the Greek definition of a citizen compare to the modern idea of who is a United States citizen? Which one of the people above could be a citizen during Ancient Greek times? – Only native-born, landowning men could be citizens in Greece – In the U.S. men and women that are native born can be citizens… they don’t need to own property Oligarchy • Under an oligarchy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of a FEW PEOPLE WE lost power because we ignored the needs of most of the people. We passed unpopular laws & used the army to enforce them. We passed laws that protected our wealth. The rich got richer, the poor got poorer, & eventually the poor turned to leaders in the army. These new leaders overthrew us. • Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court. • The military of the city-states was made of ordinary citizens, not nobles. These citizens were called hoplites and fought each battle on foot instead of on horses. Tyranny • Under a tyranny, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ONE PERSON who is NOT a lawful ruler I lost power because sometimes I ruled harshly & ignored the needs of the people, and the people forced me out. • The soldiers would march in rows together, shoulder to shoulder. They would use their shields to create a protective wall. They gave their enemies few openings to defeat them. • Hoplites made good soldiers because, as citizens, they took pride in fighting for their city-state. Democracy • Under a democracy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ALL CITIZENS Citizens like ME!!!! Lesson 27: Life in the Two City-States: Athens & Sparta • After the Greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen in ancient Greece. Villages started to band together to form strong trading centers. These groups of villages that banded together were called city-states. Soon, hundreds of citystates had formed in ancient Greece. • TO BE A CITIZEN OF A CITY-STATE: The ancient Greeks referred to themselves as citizens of their individual citystates. Each city-state (polis) had its own personality, goals, laws and customs. Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their city-state. • The city-states had many things in common. They all believed in the same gods. They all spoke the same language. But if you asked an ancient Greek where he was from, he would not say, "I live in Greece." If he was from Sparta, he would say, "I am a Spartan." If he lived in Athens, he would say, "I am Athenian." • The city-states might band together to fight a common foe. But they also went to war with each other. Greece was not yet one country. Ancient Greece was a collection of Greek city-states. • Each city-state had its own form of government. Some city-states, like Corinth, were ruled by kings. Some, like Sparta, were ruled by a small group of men. Others, like Athens, experimented with new forms of government. Sometimes these city-states cooperated, sometimes they fought each other. • Athens and Sparta were the big two citystates in ancient Greece, or so they believed. But they were not the only citystates. 4,000 years ago, there were many city-states in the ancient Greek world. Tyranny in the City-States • After the Dark Ages, tyrants ruled over ancient Greece. The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies. They wanted rule by law with all citizens participating in the government. • An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power. • A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power. • Sparta was an oligarchy…Athens was a direct democracy. So a tyrant is like a king, but a king who does not have the law or religion behind him, and only rules because the poor people support him. Tyrants are something like Mafia bosses like the Godfather. • The Greeks who lived in each city-state were proud of their hometown. They were also proud to be Greek. All Greeks, wherever they made their home, had things in common. A. Spoke the same language B. Believed in the same gods C. Shared a common “Greek” heritage Athens • Athenians thought of themselves as the shining star of the Greek city-states. They were famed for their literature, poetry, drama, theatre, schools, buildings, and government. • Athenians were famed for their commitment to the arts and sciences. Athens • Athenians put a great deal of emphasis on education. • Girls learned at home from their mothers. They learned how to run a home, and how to be good wives and mothers. • Athenian girls learned household duties from their mothers. Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, and playing the lyre. • Boys were educated quite differently. Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at home by their mothers. • From 7-14, boys attended a day school outside the home. There, they memorized poetry and learned to play the lyre. They learned drama, public speaking, reading, writing, math, and perhaps even how to play the flute. • After middle school, they went to a four year high school and learned more about math, science, and government. At 18, they attended two years of military school. There was just cause for Athens to be proud of its system of education for its citizens. • The Athenian’s invented democracy. Only in Athens, "rule by many" meant that all citizens had to be willing to take an active part in government. That was the law. • Each year, 500 names were drawn from all the citizens of Athens. Those 500 citizens had to serve for one year as the law makers of ancient Athens. • All citizens of Athens were required to vote on any new law that this body of 500 citizens created. One man, one vote, majority ruled. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens, and thus could not vote. • For a brief period of about 100 years, Athens was a democracy. It was not a perfect democracy, but it established the roots of democracy. We owe Athens a lot! Why was Athens called a democracy? – Every citizen could take part in the city’s government – Laws had to be approved by the assembly – Every citizen was part of the assembly, which debated and voted on all laws How did Athenians get the goods they needed for everyday life? – Traded with foreign lands and other city states – Buying and selling goods in the Agora – Using coins, which made trade easier How did Athenians train the minds and bodies of boys? -Were taught at home by their mother until they were 6 or 7 -Went to school between the ages of 6 and 14 -Learned arithmetic, literature, sports, music -Began military training at 18 -Wealthy families continued school with private tutors How were women and slaves treated in Athens? Women •Were not citizens •Could not chose their husbands •Could not own property •Sometimes were priestesses •Managed their households •Didn’t go out alone How were women and slaves treated in Athens? Slaves •Were treated very harshly •Were killed if it was thought they might rebel •Could marry freely •Could sell extra crops they had •Could buy their freedom Sparta • The City-State of Sparta is kinda like if the United States Marines started their own country just to raise children to become soldiers. • The Spartan’s were warriors. Spartans endured unbelievable pain and hardship to become a superior Spartan soldier and citizen! The Spartans were famed for their military strength. • Sparta's government was an oligarchy. The people were ruled by a small group of warriors. The Spartans spoke Greek, wrote Greek, thought of themselves as Greeks, but they were very different from the other Greek city-states, and proud of it. • Their educational system was certainly very different. The goal of Spartan education was to create a strong warrior. Boys were taken away from their parents at age 7. They lived a harsh and often brutal life in the soldiers barracks. Younger children were beaten by older children who started fights to help make the younger boys tough and strong. Children were often were whipped in front of groups of other Spartans, including their parents, but they were not allowed to cry out in pain. • To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved their neighbors, calling them helots. • To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a strong military of boys and men. • At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived In the barracks for 10 years. They returned home at age 30, but served in the army until age 60. Read why the military was so important in Sparta on page 126 See you Mom… I’m joining the army! • Children, during their training process, were given very little food. They were encouraged to steal food, instead. If caught stealing, they were beaten. To avoid severe pain, children learned to be cunning, to lie, to cheat, to steal, and how to get away with it! • Some children grew up to warriors. Others became members of the Spartan secret police. Their job was to spy on people, especially slaves. If they found a slave who showed any signs of leadership, their job was to kill that slave immediately. A Spartan boy taken for war training • Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy mothers and were freer than other Greek women. Women in Sparta could even own property. I may look sweet… but I am one tough cookie! • Women, unlike women in the rest of Greek world, had a great deal of freedom. Women were educated to be fighters. Some women became warriors. Many ran businesses. They were free to move about. • Life was very different in ancient Sparta than it was in the rest of ancient Greek city-states. The Spartans were proud, fierce, capable warriors. No great works of art came out of Sparta. But the Spartans, both men and women, were tough, and the Greeks admired strength. • To keep anyone from questioning the Spartan system, the government discouraged foreign visitors. It also banned travel abroad for any reason but military ones. • The government even frowned upon citizens who studied literature or the arts. - Why was Sparta called an oligarchy? The power was in the hands of a few Important decisions made by council of elders Council members had to be 60 and wealthy Assembly had little power and could not debate How did Spartans get the goods they needed for everyday life? – Farming – Conquering other people – Having slaves and not citizens produce for them – Some trade How did Spartans train boys and girls so they could protect the city-state? -Boys and girls were trained to fight from age 7 -Boys were taught to suffer pain without complaining How were women and slaves treated in Sparta? Women •Lived the same simple life as men •Were expected to be strong to fight •Looked after property when husband was away •Could own and control property Slaves •Were treated harshly •Were killed if it was thought they might rebel •Could marry •Could sell extra crops •Could by freed Why I would rather live in….??? • Requirements – 3 Paragraphs 1.Tell me where and why you like it…background information from your notes (must give me the definition of a “City-State” in this paragraph) 2.Tell me why you don’t like the other citystate…what makes you say NO WAY!!!! 3.Remind me again about the top three reasons of why you chose your city-state Did you pay attention? • What type of government did the United States take from the city-state of Athens? – Democracy… A type of government where all the citizens share power Lesson 28: Fighting the Persian Wars • Greece was not alone in the ancient world. Egypt was flourishing. Other civilizations were developing around the Mediterranean. One of the largest and most powerful was the Persian Empire. The Persian Empire was huge. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea all the way to the Indus River Valley. The Greek world was tiny. It covered a small area at the southern tip of the Greek peninsula. • Why did the Ionians revolt against Persian rule? – The Persians took their farmland & harbors – Made them pay tribute & serve in the army • What happened to the Ionians? – The Persians destroyed their city of Miletus & may have sold the people into slavery The Persian Empire • Persians were warriors and nomads who lived in Persia, the southwestern area of what is today Iran. • Cyrus the Great united the Persians into a powerful kingdom. • The Persians built a large empire, conquering Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. • Remember all those towns the ancient Greeks built in early times? Some were still flourishing. Some were located along the Turkish coast. They had fallen under Persian rule, and they were unhappy about it. Athens sent supplies to help them out. Those supplies included weapons. Persia would have noticed the Greeks sooner or later, but this activity most definitely caught their eye. • The Persian army had no doubt that the Greeks would be easy to conquer. The Greeks were so outnumbered - what chance would they have? The Persians laughed at the thought of the battle ahead. • What the Persians forgot, or perhaps they just didn't know, was that the Greeks were incredible warriors. Athens had a wonderful navy, with ships that were tiny and easy to maneuver. The Spartan army was fierce fierce isn't strong enough - they were terrifying. • The military of Persia consisted of full-time, paid soldiers known as Immortals. They guarded the king. •The Persians came three times, and fought three huge battles… •Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis. •Each time the Persians were convinced they could easily conquer the Greeks. Each time, the Greeks drove them away. The Persian Wars • The Greeks often fought with the Persians in the Mediterranean area. After a failed rebellion by the Greeks, King Darius decided to stop the Greeks from interfering in his empire. • The Battle of Marathon occurred in 490 B.C. on the plain of Marathon, a short distance from Athens. • The Persians waited there for the Athenians. When they did not come, the Persian commander ordered the troops back on the boat. • When the horsemen were on the boat, the Greeks charged the Persian foot soldiers and defeated them. Read about the Battle of Marathon on page 134-135 • What happened at Marathon? – The Athenian soldiers defeated the Persians – Sparta didn’t send troops because they were celebrating a religious festival • Why was the Battle of Marathon important to the Greek city states? – It showed that the Persian army could be defeated!!!! • After Darius’s death, his son Xerxes became king. He wanted revenge against the Greeks and planned a new invasion of Greece • Athens and Sparta joined forces to defend against Xerxes’ attack. • About 7,000 Greek soldiers fought the Persians at Thermopylae for two days. The Greeks lost the battle, but it gave them time to assemble 200 ships were assembled in Athens. • How were the Spartans able to hold off such a large Persian army? – Spartans controlled the narrow pass that the Persians had to pass through • How were the Persians eventually able to defeat the Spartans? – A traitor from Sparta showed the Persians the secret pass • Why did the Spartans refuse to escape although they knew they would be killed? – They knew they needed to delay the Persians, and come on…they’re Spartan Warriors!!!! • Xerxes, the Persian King, was furious at the result of the first two battles with the now hated Greeks. • For the third major battle, the Battle of Salamis, he sent an incredible number of Persian ships to wage war on Greece, to make sure the Greeks would be totally destroyed. Xerxes… nicknamed "Xerx the Jerk” by former students • Xerxes was so confident of success that he had his slaves carry a golden throne from Persia, and set it up on a hillside overlooking the Greek harbor, so he could be comfortable while he watched the Greeks die. • At the Battle of Salamis, the Greeks used their faster, smaller ships to defeat the Persian fleet. • But the Greeks did not die. Their small ships could maneuver better. The Greeks were able to toss burning wood aboard the Persian ships and get safely away. The Persians had to abandon their burning ships. Those Persian sailors who made it to land were greeted by the Spartan army. The Spartans killed them all. When Xerxes saw how the battle was going, he ran away and left his army behind. • While Athens burned the Persian ships, Sparta left some men on the beach to handle any Persians who made it to shore. The rest of the Sparta army marched north and defeated the Persian army coming in from that direction. • The Greeks took the day! The few Persians who survived fled. But there was always the threat that the Persians might come back. • In preparation, the Greeks created The Delian League... – a treasury that would allow them to quickly prepare for war, should the need arise. • Why did the Athenians sail to nearby islands in panic? – They heard about the Spartans’ defeat at Thermopylae and knew the Persians would soon destroy Athens • How were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet, even though they were outnumbered? – They tricked the Persians to fight in a narrow channel where the large Persian ships would have trouble moving • The Persians entered Athens and burned the city. • The Greek army won at Plataea. This was the turning point of the war. It convinced the Persians to return home. • The Greeks had defeated the Persians by uniting together to save their homeland. • The Persian Empire fell for several reasons. • The Persians were weakened by war, and their rulers taxed the people and spent the money on themselves and their family. • The Persian royal family fought over who was to be king. Many of the later Persian kings were killed by other family members who wanted the throne. • What happened at the Battle of Plataea? • Why were the Persian wars important? – The Greeks defeated the Persian army that Xerxes had left behind – They saved Greek independence and prevented Persia from conquering all of Europe – Showed that the Greeks fighting together could defeat a common enemy! “Battle of Marathon” page 134 “Battle of Thermopylae” page 136 Journey Across Time Textbook “Battle of Salamis” page 136 “Battle of Plataea” page 137 Sample Battle Story Board Spartans Sacrifice Their Lives in the Mountains! Mama said, come home carrying my shield or be brought home on it!!!! “Battle of Thermopylae” Lesson 29: The Golden Age of Athens Daily Life in Athens • Slavery was common in the ancient world. There was at least one slave in most Athenian homes. • Slaves were very important to the ancient Greek way of life. Slaves cleaned and cooked, worked in the fields, factories, shops, in the mines, and on ships. They even tutored the rich families children. Even the police force in ancient Athens was made up of slaves! • Most slaves lives were not that different from a poor Greek citizen's life. There were things slaves could not do. – They could not go to school – Could not enter politics – Could not use their own name…they were given a name by the citizen who owned them. – They were the property of their owner, not citizens of ancient Greece. • Slaves were so important to the culture of ancient Greece, that some historians believe there were as many slaves as citizens! – Without their help, Athens could not have supported their bustling economy. Many Athenians depended on farming for a living. Herders raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and cheese. • Some farmers grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local use. Others grew grapes and olives to make wine and olive oil to sell. • During the 400s B.C., Athens became the trading center of the Greek world. – Merchants and artisans grew wealthy by making and selling pottery, jewelry, leather goods, and other products. • Athenian men usually worked in the morning and then exercised or attended meetings of the assembly. • Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of their time away from home. When not involved in politics, the men spent time in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in manufacturing or in trade. • For fun, in addition to drinking parties, the men enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and discussed politics and philosophy and the famous Olympic Games. • When the men entertained their male friends, at the popular drinking parties, their wives and daughters were not allowed to attend. For Athenian women, life revolved around home and family. Girls married at age 14 – 15 and were expected to have children and take care of household duties. – With the exception of ancient Sparta, Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. If they had their husband's permission to do so, they could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time. – Poor women worked with their husbands in the fields or sold goods at the agora – Upper Class women stayed at home and supervised the servants and worked wool into cloth…spinning, dyeing, and weaving. In their home, Greek women were in charge! Their job was to run the house, make the clothes, and bear children. – Most women could not attend school and rarely went out except for funerals or festivals. They had no political rights and couldn’t own property! Work and babies…when do I get to go out & have fun? A City of Contrasts • Why can Athens be called a city of contrasts? – The people of Athens lived in small, uncomfortable houses, but the city’s public spaces & buildings were large & beautiful Greek Mythology • Myths are traditional stories about gods and heroes. • The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. They thought these deities affected people’s lives, controlled nature, and shaped events. • According to Greek myth, the god Zeus ruled the sky and threw lighting bolts, the goddess Demeter made the crops grow, and the god Poseidon caused earthquakes. • The Greeks believed the 12 most important gods lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. – – – – Zeus Athena Apollo Aphrodite • Greek myths were stories about gods and heroes. In these stories gods had special powers but looked and acted like humans. – Married & had kids – Played tricks on each other – Fought wars The Greeks followed rituals to win the gods favor. They hoped that the gods would grant good fortune to them in return. • The Greeks believed in prophecy, or predictions about the future. Many Greeks visited an oracle to receive a prophecy. An oracle was a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. The most famous oracle was at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. • Greeks believed that when they died their spirits would be sent to the gloomy world beneath the earth ruled by Hades. Religion: The Temple of Delphi • In what ways did Greek gods & goddesses play an important part in the lives of Athenians? – They had power over a particular area of life – Asked them for help or advice • What were the gods & goddesses like? – Looked & acted like humans but didn’t age or die • Why did the Greeks go to Delphi? – To get advice from Apollo through the oracle Greek Art and Architecture • Greek artists believed in the ideas of reason, balance, harmony, and moderation and tried to show these ideas in their work. – Large vases often had scenes from Greek myths – Small drinking cups showed scenes from everyday life • Although Greek murals have not survived, examples of Greek paintings still exist on decorated pottery. The most important architecture in Greece was the temple dedicated to a god or goddess. The most famous temple is the Parthenon. • Greek architecture included columns, which were first made from wood. Later, the Greeks began using marble. Many of today’s churches and government buildings have columns. • Greek sculpture expressed Greek ideas. Architecture: The Acropolis What was the Parthenon? A temple built to honor Athena Sculpture: A Marble Workshop • How did Athenian sculpture change over the years? • More realistic • Natural poses & showed detailed muscles, hair, & clothing • Who was Phidias? What did he do? • Famous sculptor • Created the figures on the Parthenon & the statue of Athena inside Greek Philosophers • The word philosophy comes from the Greek word for “love of wisdom.” • Greek thinkers, called philosophers, believed the human mind could understand everything. http://www.historyforkids.org • Socrates was a philosopher who believed that an absolute truth existed and that all real knowledge was within each person. • Leaders did not trust Socrates, and accused him of teaching young Athenians to rebel. • The Socratic method is a form of teaching that uses questions to lead students to discover things for themselves. • The Athenian leaders didn’t like him and were afraid of his teachings. They accused him of teaching students to rebel against the state. • Socrates was tried and sentenced to death. He could have escaped from the city, but he chose to stay there and face his sentence. Philosophy: The Agora – What do philosophers do? • Talk about the world around them • Nature & the meaning of life, justice, truth, & beauty – How did Socrates try to teach others? • Asked people questions that forced them to think about their beliefs – What happened to Socrates • Put to death • Enemies accused him of not honoring the gods & leading young people into error & disloyalty Greek Drama • Drama is a story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story. • The Greeks used drama as part of their religious festivals. • The Greeks developed two types of dramas – Tragedies – Comedies A tragedy is the story of a person who tries to overcome difficulties, but fails. • A comedy is a story with a happy ending. • Aeschylus was a writer who wrote a group of three plays called Oresteia. These plays teach that evil acts cause more evil and suffering. – He introduced the idea of using costumes, props, & stage decorations Let’s try using some costumes for the actors! The writer Sophocles wrote the plays Oedipus and Antigone. Why don't aliens eat clowns. Because they taste funny! • Euripides wrote plays about real-life people instead of gods. Aristophanes wrote comedies that made fun of leading politicians and scholars. Drama: The Theater of Dionysus – List three ways Greek drama differed from plays & movies of today • Relied on the chorus to help explain and expand the story • No women actors • Held in outdoor theaters Wives and daughters were not allowed to watch the Olympic Games as the participants in the games did not wear clothes. Chariot racing was the only game women could win, and only then if they owned the horse. If that horse won, they received the prize. Sports: The Panathenaic Games – What was the purpose of athletic events in Greece? • Showed the importance of a healthy body • Honored the gods & goddesses – Describe one Panathenaic event that is part of our present Olympics • Footraces, Boxing, Wrestling – What events aren’t part of our Olympics? • Chariot races, • Races in full armor • Pancratium Pericles’ Epitaph Journey Across Time Pages 140-141 An epitaph is an inscription written on a tombstone or burial place. Write an epitaph summarizing the life of Pericles. You need the following on your tomb… 1. 2. 3. 4. His name Born & Died 3 Things he did for Athens 1 Fun Fact Lesson 30: Alexander the Great Lesson 31: Greek contributions to Modern Life An epic is a long poem about heroic deeds. The first great epics were the Iliad and the Odyssey, written by a poet named Homer. • The Iliad is about a battle for the city of Troy. – Prince of Troy kidnaps the wife of the king of Sparta • The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus, a Greek hero. – Based on a war between Greece and the city of Troy • Greeks believed these two epics were real history. The battle for Troy goes on for 10 years. Finally, the Greeks came up with a plan to take the city. They built a huge, hollow, wooden horse and hide inside it and then captured the city. • A Greek slave named Aesop wrote many fables. A fable is a short tale that teaches a lesson. These often funny stories point out human flaws as well as strengths. • Fables were passed from person to person by oral tradition. I should’ve known… Slow & steady wins the race! Greek Contributions to Modern Language & Literature • • • • • • • • Alphabet Words with Greek roots Grammar Punctuation Paragraphing Tragedies Comedies historical writings Three types of governments according to Aristotle… • Monarch… – Ruled by King or Queen) • Aristocracy or Oligarchy…Ruled by a few • Democracy…Ruled by many Thanks Greece! Greek Contributions to Modern Government • Democracy • Trial by a jury of citizens Greek Contributions to Modern Medicine • Belief that diseases have natural causes • Belief that doctors should observe patients • The Hippocratic Oath Greek Contributions to Modern Understanding of the Body • Names & descriptions of internal organs • Discovery that the heart pumps blood through the body • Discovery that the brain is the center of the nervous system Greek Science and Math • Astronomers study the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies. • Aristarchus was an astronomer who claimed that the sun was at the center of the universe and that Earth revolved around the sun. Eratoshenes was an astronomer who believed that the Earth was round and measured Earth’s circumference. • He estimated that the distance around Earth equaled 24, 675 miles…just 185 miles off the actual distance!!!!! • Euclid, one of the most famous Greek mathematicians, described plane geometry. Plane geometry is the study of points, lines, angles, and surfaces. Archimedes was the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era. He worked on solid geometry…the study of spheres and cylinders. • He also determined the value of pi, a number used to measure the area of circles. Archimedes invented the catapult, among other weapons. – Machines that hurled arrows, spears, and rocks. Greek Contributions to Modern Mathematics • • • • Development of mathematical theories New techniques for measuring shapes & spaces Euclid’s geometry textbook Pythagorean Theorem Greek Contributions to Modern Astronomy • Idea that the Earth revolves around the sun • Estimates of distances from Earth to the sun and moon • Naming of the stars Greek Contributions to Modern Geography • Use of stars to locate places on the Earth • Use of longitude & latitude • Maps that show the round Earth on a flat surface Greek Contributions to Modern Plants & Animals • Identification of plans & their parts • An understanding of how plants reproduce & their use a medicine • Classification of plans & animals Greek Contributions to Modern Architecture • • • • Pediments Friezes Columns Covered porches Greek Poetry & Fables • Greek poems and stories are the oldest in the Western world and serve as models for European and American poems and stories. – Shakespeare borrowed many Greek plots & settings!! The writers of the Hellenistic Era produced a large body of literature. • Appolonius wrote the epic poem Argonautica, recounting the legend of Jason and his band of heroes. Theocritus wrote short poems about beauty and nature. – Jason & his band sail the seas in search of a ram with a golden fleece. • Athenians still created plays, but the plays of the Hellenistic Era were about love and relationships. – Unlike the Greek plays, they didn’t make fun of political leaders. Greek Contributions to Modern Theater • • • • Seat arrangements Special effects Revolving scenery Stories and plays Greek Contributions to Modern Sports • Olympic Games • The pentathlon Thanks Greece..the Olympics ROCK!!!