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Ancient Greece
History Alive: Unit 5
Lesson 25: Geography & the
Settlement of Greece
• Mainland Greece is a
mountainous peninsula
• What is a peninsula?
– This means that Greece
is surrounded on all
three sides by water.
– Greece has a lot of
smaller peninsulas
sticking out from it,
which means Greece
enjoys many natural
harbors.
What three bodies of water
surround Greece to make it
a peninsula?
• Greece is also covered with
mountains. They are not huge
mountains but if you are trying to go
from place to place in Greece, you'll
find the mountains a bit difficult to
travel.
• Three thousand years ago, it was
very difficult to get from place to
place in ancient Greece by walking.
But it was easy to get from place to
place in ancient Greece by ship.
• Ancient Greeks felt deep ties to the land,
but the mountains and seas divided them
from one another. As a result, early Greek
communities grew up fiercely independent.
Sparta
Athens
• What are the mountains in Greece like?
– They are steep & rocky
• Why was the sea important to the ancient Greeks?
– They used the sea to establish colonies & trade with people from
other lands
• Why were ancient Greek communities isolated from one
another?
– Mountains which made travel & communication difficult
• What were some of the dangers of travel?
– Traveling by land included rocks that could shatter wooden wheels &
attack by bandits
– Traveling by sea included attack by pirates, robbery by sailors, and
storms that could drive ships into rocks
• In the ancient world, the Greeks became known as
great sailors. They explored much of the
Mediterranean Sea. They loved to establish new
Greek cities. They traded with other countries around
the Mediterranean. The Greeks created settlements
overseas known as colonies.
Minoan traders in Egypt
• Greek cities were founded
around the Black Sea,
North Africa, Italy, Sicily,
France and Spain. Many
tales and legends grew up
about the strange lands
and creatures that could be
found across the sea.
• Meanwhile, back in mainland Greece,
cities were thriving. The Greeks used the
sea to their advantage. They had a wealth
of seafood, fresh fish, and fresh drinking
water. The Greeks were very happy with
their land.
Hey…that
doesn’t sound
right???
•Ancient Greeks were
fishers, sailors,
traders, and farmers.
•Although Greece’s
rocky soil made it
difficult to farm,
people could grow
wheat, barley, olives,
and grapes in the
favorable climate.
• After the Dark Age, Greek people
began to set up colonies in other
countries. This colonization spread
Greek culture.
• Trade between colonists and the
parent cities grew, and soon
merchants were trading goods for
money instead of more goods.
• Colonists traded grains, metals, fish,
timber, and enslaved people in
exchange for pottery, wine, and olive
oil.
• List three crops Greek farmers grew &
three animals they raised.
– Wheat and barley
– Grapes and olives
– Vegetables, fruits, and nuts
– Sheep, goats, oxen, mules & donkeys & bees 
• Why did Greek settlements often fight one
another?
– They fought each other because there was a
shortage of land
• Why did the Greeks start colonies?
– They needed more farmland to feed their people
• Describe the steps the Greeks followed when
they started a new colony?
– 1st…consulted an oracle to see if they would be successful
– 2nd…gathered food & supplies and took a flame from the
town’s sacred fire & begin the long sea voyage
– 3rd…find a safe place with good farmland and harbors
• Why did some Greek settlements trade?
– To get the goods they needed
• What products from the Greek mainland were
traded? What products did the Greeks get in
exchange?
– Olive, oil, pottery, and wine from the Greek mainland were
traded
– In exchange they got grain, timber, and metal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat
Sheep
Wood
Beans
Pottery
Jewelry
Furniture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peas
Cattle
Pigs
Leather
Walnuts
Olive oil
Silver
Honey
Marble
Lesson 26: The Rise of Democracy
• A polis, or city-state, was like an
independent country. City-states
varied in size and population.
• An acropolis, located at the top
of a hill, was the main gathering
place of the city-state.
• An agora, or open area, served
as a market and as a place for
people to meet and debate issues.
Monarchy
• Under a monarchy, the power to make
political decisions is in the hands of ONE
PERSON
I lost power because I
depended on the
aristocrats to help me
during war, but they
demanded more power
& finally overthrew me
• The Greeks were the first people to
develop the idea of citizenship, in which
citizens of a country are treated equally
and have rights and responsibilities.
• In Greek city-states, only free, native-born,
land-owning men could be citizens.
• How does the Greek
definition of a citizen
compare to the modern
idea of who is a United
States citizen?
Which one of the people above
could be a citizen during
Ancient Greek times?
– Only native-born, landowning men could be
citizens in Greece
– In the U.S. men and
women that are native
born can be citizens…
they don’t need to own
property
Oligarchy
• Under an oligarchy, the power to make political
decisions is in the hands of a FEW PEOPLE
WE lost power because
we ignored the needs of
most of the people. We
passed unpopular laws
& used the army to
enforce them. We
passed laws that
protected our wealth.
The rich got richer, the
poor got poorer, &
eventually the poor
turned to leaders in the
army. These new
leaders overthrew us.
• Citizens could vote, hold office,
own property, and defend
themselves in court.
• The military of the city-states was
made of ordinary citizens, not
nobles. These citizens were
called hoplites and fought each
battle on foot instead of on
horses.
Tyranny
• Under a tyranny, the power to make political
decisions is in the hands of ONE PERSON
who is NOT a lawful ruler
I lost power because
sometimes I ruled harshly &
ignored the needs of the
people, and the people
forced me out.
• The soldiers would march in rows together,
shoulder to shoulder. They would use their
shields to create a protective wall. They gave
their enemies few openings to defeat them.
• Hoplites made good soldiers because, as citizens,
they took pride in fighting for their city-state.
Democracy
• Under a democracy, the power to make
political decisions is in the hands of ALL
CITIZENS
Citizens like
ME!!!!
Lesson 27:
Life in the Two City-States:
Athens & Sparta
• After the Greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen
in ancient Greece. Villages started to band together to form
strong trading centers. These groups of villages that banded
together were called city-states. Soon, hundreds of citystates had formed in ancient Greece.
• TO BE A CITIZEN OF A CITY-STATE: The ancient Greeks
referred to themselves as citizens of their individual citystates. Each city-state (polis) had its own personality, goals,
laws and customs. Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their
city-state.
• The city-states had many things in common. They all believed in the same
gods. They all spoke the same language. But if you asked an ancient
Greek where he was from, he would not say, "I live in Greece."
If he was from
Sparta, he would
say, "I am a
Spartan."
If he lived in Athens,
he would say, "I am
Athenian."
• The city-states might band together to fight a common foe. But they also
went to war with each other. Greece was not yet one country. Ancient
Greece was a collection of Greek city-states.
• Each city-state had its own form of
government. Some city-states, like Corinth,
were ruled by kings. Some, like Sparta, were
ruled by a small group of men. Others, like
Athens, experimented with new forms of
government. Sometimes these city-states
cooperated, sometimes they fought each other.
• Athens and Sparta were the big two citystates in ancient Greece, or so they
believed. But they were not the only citystates. 4,000 years ago, there were many
city-states in the ancient Greek world.
Tyranny in the
City-States
• After the Dark Ages, tyrants ruled over
ancient Greece. The Greek people
eventually tired of the tyrants and
created oligarchies or democracies.
They wanted rule by law with all citizens
participating in the government.
• An oligarchy is a form of government in
which a few people hold power.
• A democracy is a form of government
in which all citizens share power.
• Sparta was an oligarchy…Athens was a
direct democracy.
So a tyrant is like a king,
but a king who does not
have the law or religion
behind him, and
only rules because the
poor people support him.
Tyrants are something
like Mafia bosses like the
Godfather.
•
The Greeks who lived in each
city-state were proud of their
hometown. They were also
proud to be Greek. All
Greeks, wherever they made
their home, had things in
common.
A. Spoke the same language
B. Believed in the same gods
C. Shared a common “Greek”
heritage
Athens
• Athenians thought of themselves as the shining star of the
Greek city-states. They were famed for their literature, poetry,
drama, theatre, schools, buildings, and government.
• Athenians were famed for their commitment to the arts and
sciences.
Athens
• Athenians put a great deal of
emphasis on education.
• Girls learned at home from their
mothers. They learned how to
run a home, and how to be good
wives and mothers.
• Athenian girls learned household
duties from their mothers. Some
wealthy girls learned reading,
writing, and playing the lyre.
• Boys were educated quite differently.
Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at
home by their mothers.
• From 7-14, boys attended a day school
outside the home. There, they
memorized poetry and learned to play
the lyre. They learned drama, public
speaking, reading, writing, math, and
perhaps even how to play the flute.
• After middle school, they went to a four
year high school and learned more
about math, science, and government.
At 18, they attended two years of
military school. There was just cause for
Athens to be proud of its system of
education for its citizens.
• The Athenian’s invented democracy. Only in
Athens, "rule by many" meant that all citizens
had to be willing to take an active part in
government. That was the law.
• Each year, 500 names were drawn from all
the citizens of Athens. Those 500 citizens
had to serve for one year as the law makers
of ancient Athens.
• All citizens of Athens were required to vote
on any new law that this body of 500 citizens
created. One man, one vote, majority ruled.
Women, children, and slaves were not
citizens, and thus could not vote.
• For a brief period of about 100 years, Athens
was a democracy. It was not a perfect
democracy, but it established the roots of
democracy. We owe Athens a lot!
Why was Athens called a democracy?
– Every citizen could take part in the city’s
government
– Laws had to be approved by the assembly
– Every citizen was part of the assembly, which
debated and voted on all laws
How did Athenians get the goods they
needed for everyday life?
– Traded with foreign lands and other city states
– Buying and selling goods in the Agora
– Using coins, which made trade easier
How did Athenians train the minds and
bodies of boys?
-Were taught at home by their mother until they were 6 or 7
-Went to school between the ages of 6 and 14
-Learned arithmetic, literature, sports, music
-Began military training at 18
-Wealthy families continued school with private tutors
How were women and slaves
treated in Athens?
Women
•Were not citizens
•Could not chose their husbands
•Could not own property
•Sometimes were priestesses
•Managed their households
•Didn’t go out alone
How were women and slaves
treated in Athens?
Slaves
•Were treated very harshly
•Were killed if it was thought they might rebel
•Could marry freely
•Could sell extra crops they had
•Could buy their freedom
Sparta
• The City-State of
Sparta is kinda
like if the United
States Marines
started their own
country just to
raise children to
become soldiers.
•
The Spartan’s were warriors. Spartans endured unbelievable pain and
hardship to become a superior Spartan soldier and citizen! The Spartans
were famed for their military strength.
• Sparta's government was an oligarchy. The people were ruled by a small
group of warriors. The Spartans spoke Greek, wrote Greek, thought of
themselves as Greeks, but they were very different from the other Greek
city-states, and proud of it.
• Their educational system was certainly very different. The goal of Spartan
education was to create a strong warrior. Boys were taken away from their
parents at age 7. They lived a harsh and often brutal life in the soldiers
barracks. Younger children were beaten by older children who started fights
to help make the younger boys tough and strong. Children were often were
whipped in front of groups of other Spartans, including their parents, but they
were not allowed to cry out in pain.
• To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved
their neighbors, calling them helots.
• To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a
strong military of boys and men.
• At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived In the
barracks for 10 years. They returned home at age 30, but
served in the army until age 60.
Read why the military
was so important in
Sparta on page 126
See you
Mom… I’m
joining the
army!
• Children, during their training process, were given very little
food. They were encouraged to steal food, instead. If caught
stealing, they were beaten. To avoid severe pain, children learned
to be cunning, to lie, to cheat, to steal, and how to get away with
it!
• Some children grew up to warriors. Others became members of
the Spartan secret police. Their job was to spy on people,
especially slaves. If they found a slave who showed any signs of
leadership, their job was to kill that slave immediately.
A Spartan boy taken
for war training
• Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy
mothers and were freer than other Greek women. Women in
Sparta could even own property.
I may look
sweet… but I
am one tough
cookie!
• Women, unlike women in the rest of Greek world, had a great deal of
freedom. Women were educated to be fighters. Some women became
warriors. Many ran businesses. They were free to move about.
• Life was very different in ancient Sparta than it was in the rest of ancient
Greek city-states. The Spartans were proud, fierce, capable warriors. No
great works of art came out of Sparta. But the Spartans, both men and
women, were tough, and the Greeks admired strength.
• To keep anyone from
questioning the Spartan
system, the government
discouraged foreign
visitors. It also banned
travel abroad for any
reason but military ones.
• The government even
frowned upon citizens who
studied literature or the
arts.
-
Why was Sparta called an oligarchy?
The power was in the hands of a few
Important decisions made by council of elders
Council members had to be 60 and wealthy
Assembly had little power and could not debate
How did Spartans get the goods they needed for
everyday life?
– Farming
– Conquering other people
– Having slaves and not citizens produce for them
– Some trade
How did Spartans train boys and girls so they
could protect the city-state?
-Boys and girls were trained to fight from age 7
-Boys were taught to suffer pain without complaining
How were women and slaves treated in Sparta?
Women
•Lived the same simple life as men
•Were expected to be strong to fight
•Looked after property when husband was away
•Could own and control property
Slaves
•Were treated harshly
•Were killed if it was thought they might rebel
•Could marry
•Could sell extra crops
•Could by freed
Why I would rather live in….???
• Requirements
– 3 Paragraphs
1.Tell me where and why you like it…background
information from your notes (must give me the
definition of a “City-State” in this paragraph)
2.Tell me why you don’t like the other citystate…what makes you say NO WAY!!!!
3.Remind me again about the top three reasons of
why you chose your city-state
Did you pay
attention?
• What type of government did the United States
take from the city-state of Athens?
– Democracy… A type of government where all the
citizens share power
Lesson 28:
Fighting the Persian Wars
• Greece was not alone in the ancient world. Egypt was
flourishing. Other civilizations were developing around
the Mediterranean. One of the largest and most
powerful was the Persian Empire. The Persian
Empire was huge. It stretched from the Mediterranean
Sea all the way to the Indus River Valley. The Greek
world was tiny. It covered a small area at the southern
tip of the Greek peninsula.
• Why did the Ionians
revolt against Persian
rule?
– The Persians took their
farmland & harbors
– Made them pay tribute &
serve in the army
• What happened to the
Ionians?
– The Persians destroyed
their city of Miletus &
may have sold the
people into slavery
The Persian Empire
• Persians were warriors and nomads
who lived in Persia, the southwestern
area of what is today Iran.
• Cyrus the Great united the Persians
into a powerful kingdom.
• The Persians built a large empire,
conquering Mesopotamia, Asia Minor,
Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities.
• Remember all those towns the ancient Greeks
built in early times? Some were still flourishing.
Some were located along the Turkish coast.
They had fallen under Persian rule, and they
were unhappy about it. Athens sent supplies to
help them out. Those supplies included
weapons. Persia would have noticed the
Greeks sooner or later, but this activity most
definitely caught their eye.
• The Persian army had no doubt that the
Greeks would be easy to conquer. The Greeks
were so outnumbered - what chance would
they have? The Persians laughed at the
thought of the battle ahead.
• What the Persians forgot, or perhaps they just
didn't know, was that the Greeks were
incredible warriors. Athens had a wonderful
navy, with ships that were tiny and easy to
maneuver. The Spartan army was fierce fierce isn't strong enough - they were
terrifying.
• The military of Persia consisted of full-time, paid
soldiers known as Immortals. They guarded the
king.
•The Persians came three times, and fought three huge
battles…
•Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.
•Each time the Persians were convinced they could easily
conquer the Greeks. Each time, the Greeks drove them
away.
The Persian Wars
• The Greeks often fought with the
Persians in the Mediterranean area.
After a failed rebellion by the Greeks,
King Darius decided to stop the Greeks
from interfering in his empire.
• The Battle of Marathon occurred in 490
B.C. on the plain of Marathon, a short
distance from Athens.
• The Persians waited there for the
Athenians. When they did not come,
the Persian commander ordered the
troops back on the boat.
• When the horsemen were on the boat,
the Greeks charged the Persian foot
soldiers and defeated them.
Read about the
Battle of Marathon
on page 134-135
• What happened at
Marathon?
– The Athenian soldiers
defeated the Persians
– Sparta didn’t send troops
because they were
celebrating a religious
festival
• Why was the Battle of
Marathon important to
the Greek city states?
– It showed that the
Persian army could be
defeated!!!!
• After Darius’s death, his son Xerxes became king. He wanted
revenge against the Greeks and planned a new invasion of
Greece
• Athens and Sparta joined forces to defend against Xerxes’
attack.
• About 7,000 Greek soldiers fought the Persians at Thermopylae
for two days. The Greeks lost the battle, but it gave them time
to assemble 200 ships were assembled in Athens.
• How were the
Spartans able to hold
off such a large
Persian army?
– Spartans controlled the
narrow pass that the
Persians had to pass
through
• How were the
Persians eventually
able to defeat the
Spartans?
– A traitor from Sparta
showed the Persians the
secret pass
• Why did the Spartans
refuse to escape
although they knew
they would be killed?
– They knew they needed
to delay the Persians,
and come on…they’re
Spartan Warriors!!!!
• Xerxes, the Persian King, was
furious at the result of the first two
battles with the now hated Greeks.
• For the third major battle, the
Battle of Salamis, he sent an
incredible number of Persian ships
to wage war on Greece, to make
sure the Greeks would be totally
destroyed.
Xerxes…
nicknamed "Xerx the Jerk”
by former students
• Xerxes was so confident of
success that he had his slaves
carry a golden throne from Persia,
and set it up on a hillside
overlooking the Greek harbor, so
he could be comfortable while he
watched the Greeks die.
• At the Battle of Salamis, the Greeks used their faster, smaller
ships to defeat the Persian fleet.
• But the Greeks did not die. Their small ships could maneuver
better. The Greeks were able to toss burning wood aboard
the Persian ships and get safely away. The Persians had to
abandon their burning ships. Those Persian sailors who
made it to land were greeted by the Spartan army. The
Spartans killed them all. When Xerxes saw how the battle
was going, he ran away and left his army behind.
• While Athens burned the Persian ships, Sparta left some men
on the beach to handle any Persians who made it to shore. The
rest of the Sparta army marched north and defeated the
Persian army coming in from that direction.
• The Greeks took the day! The few Persians who survived fled.
But there was always the threat that the Persians might come
back.
• In preparation, the Greeks created The Delian League...
– a treasury that would allow them to quickly prepare for war,
should the need arise.
• Why did the
Athenians sail to
nearby islands in
panic?
– They heard about the
Spartans’ defeat at
Thermopylae and knew
the Persians would soon
destroy Athens
• How were the Greeks
able to defeat the
Persian fleet, even
though they were
outnumbered?
– They tricked the
Persians to fight in a
narrow channel where
the large Persian ships
would have trouble
moving
• The Persians entered Athens
and burned the city.
• The Greek army won at
Plataea. This was the turning
point of the war. It convinced
the Persians to return home.
• The Greeks had defeated the
Persians by uniting together
to save their homeland.
• The Persian Empire fell for
several reasons.
• The Persians were
weakened by war, and
their rulers taxed the
people and spent the
money on themselves
and their family.
• The Persian royal family
fought over who was to
be king. Many of the
later Persian kings were
killed by other family
members who wanted
the throne.
• What happened at the
Battle of Plataea?
• Why were the Persian
wars important?
– The Greeks defeated the
Persian army that
Xerxes had left behind
– They saved Greek
independence and
prevented Persia from
conquering all of Europe
– Showed that the Greeks
fighting together could
defeat a common
enemy!
“Battle of Marathon”
page 134
“Battle of Thermopylae”
page 136
Journey Across
Time Textbook
“Battle of Salamis”
page 136
“Battle of Plataea”
page 137
Sample Battle Story Board
Spartans Sacrifice Their Lives in the Mountains!
Mama said, come
home carrying my
shield or be
brought home on
it!!!!
“Battle of Thermopylae”
Lesson 29:
The Golden Age of Athens
Daily Life in Athens
• Slavery was common in the ancient world. There was at least one slave in
most Athenian homes.
• Slaves were very important to the ancient Greek way of life. Slaves cleaned
and cooked, worked in the fields, factories, shops, in the mines, and on
ships. They even tutored the rich families children. Even the police force in
ancient Athens was made up of slaves!
• Most slaves lives were not that different from a poor Greek citizen's life.
There were things slaves could not do.
– They could not go to school
– Could not enter politics
– Could not use their own name…they were given a name by the citizen
who owned them.
– They were the property of their owner, not citizens of ancient Greece.
• Slaves were so important to the culture of ancient Greece, that some
historians believe there were as many slaves as citizens!
– Without their help, Athens could not have supported their bustling
economy.
Many Athenians depended on farming for a living.
Herders raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and
cheese.
• Some farmers grew grains, vegetables, and fruit
for local use. Others grew grapes and olives to
make wine and olive oil to sell.
• During the 400s B.C., Athens became the
trading center of the Greek world.
– Merchants and artisans grew wealthy by making and
selling pottery, jewelry, leather goods, and other
products.
• Athenian men usually worked in the morning and
then exercised or attended meetings of the assembly.
• Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of
their time away from home. When not involved in
politics, the men spent time in the fields, overseeing
or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in
manufacturing or in trade.
•
For fun, in addition to drinking parties, the men
enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and discussed
politics and philosophy and the famous Olympic
Games.
• When the men entertained their male friends, at the
popular drinking parties, their wives and daughters
were not allowed to attend.
For Athenian women, life revolved around home and family.
Girls married at age 14 – 15 and were expected to have children
and take care of household duties.
– With the exception of ancient Sparta, Greek women
had very limited freedom outside the home. If they
had their husband's permission to do so, they could
attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals,
and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of
time.
– Poor women worked with their husbands in the fields
or sold goods at the agora
– Upper Class women stayed at home and supervised
the servants and worked wool into cloth…spinning,
dyeing, and weaving. In their home, Greek women
were in charge! Their job was to run the house,
make the clothes, and bear children.
– Most women could not attend school and rarely went
out except for funerals or festivals. They had no
political rights and couldn’t own property!
Work and
babies…when
do I get to go
out & have fun?
A City of Contrasts
• Why can Athens be called a city of
contrasts?
– The people of Athens lived in small,
uncomfortable houses, but the city’s public
spaces & buildings were large & beautiful
Greek Mythology
• Myths are traditional stories about gods and
heroes.
• The Greeks believed in many gods and
goddesses. They thought these deities
affected people’s lives, controlled nature, and
shaped events.
• According to Greek myth, the god Zeus ruled
the sky and threw lighting bolts, the goddess
Demeter made the crops grow, and the god
Poseidon caused earthquakes.
• The Greeks believed the 12 most
important gods lived on Mount
Olympus, the highest mountain in
Greece.
–
–
–
–
Zeus
Athena
Apollo
Aphrodite
• Greek myths were stories about gods
and heroes. In these stories gods
had special powers but looked and
acted like humans.
– Married & had kids
– Played tricks on each other
– Fought wars
The Greeks followed rituals to win the gods favor.
They hoped that the gods would grant good
fortune to them in return.
• The Greeks believed in prophecy, or
predictions about the future. Many
Greeks visited an oracle to receive a
prophecy. An oracle was a sacred
shrine where a priest or priestess spoke
for a god or goddess. The most famous
oracle was at the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi.
• Greeks believed that when they died
their spirits would be sent to the gloomy
world beneath the earth ruled by
Hades.
Religion: The Temple of Delphi
• In what ways did Greek gods & goddesses
play an important part in the lives of
Athenians?
– They had power over a particular area of life
– Asked them for help or advice
• What were the gods & goddesses like?
– Looked & acted like humans but didn’t age or die
• Why did the Greeks go to Delphi?
– To get advice from Apollo through the oracle
Greek Art and
Architecture
• Greek artists believed in the ideas of reason,
balance, harmony, and moderation and tried to
show these ideas in their work.
– Large vases often had scenes from Greek myths
– Small drinking cups showed scenes from everyday
life
• Although Greek murals have not survived,
examples of Greek paintings still exist on
decorated pottery.
The most important architecture in Greece was the
temple dedicated to a god or goddess. The most
famous temple is the Parthenon.
• Greek architecture included
columns, which were first made
from wood. Later, the Greeks
began using marble. Many of
today’s churches and government
buildings have columns.
• Greek sculpture expressed
Greek ideas.
Architecture: The Acropolis
What was the Parthenon?
A temple built to honor Athena
Sculpture: A Marble Workshop
• How did Athenian sculpture change over the
years?
• More realistic
• Natural poses & showed detailed muscles, hair, &
clothing
• Who was Phidias? What did he do?
• Famous sculptor
• Created the figures on the Parthenon & the statue of
Athena inside
Greek Philosophers
• The word philosophy comes from the
Greek word for “love of wisdom.”
• Greek thinkers, called
philosophers,
believed the human mind could
understand
everything.
http://www.historyforkids.org
• Socrates was a
philosopher who
believed that an
absolute truth existed
and that all real
knowledge was within
each person.
• Leaders did not trust
Socrates, and
accused him of
teaching young
Athenians to rebel.
• The Socratic method is a form of teaching that uses
questions to lead students to discover things for
themselves.
• The Athenian leaders didn’t like him and were afraid
of his teachings. They accused him of teaching
students to rebel against the state.
• Socrates was tried and sentenced to death. He could
have escaped from the city, but he chose to stay
there and face his sentence.
Philosophy: The Agora
– What do philosophers do?
• Talk about the world around them
• Nature & the meaning of life, justice, truth, & beauty
– How did Socrates try to teach others?
• Asked people questions that forced them to think about
their beliefs
– What happened to Socrates
• Put to death
• Enemies accused him of not honoring the gods &
leading young people into error & disloyalty
Greek Drama
• Drama is a story told by actors
who pretend to be characters in
the story.
• The Greeks used drama as part of
their religious festivals.
• The Greeks developed two types
of dramas
– Tragedies
– Comedies
A tragedy is the story of a person who tries
to overcome difficulties, but fails.
• A comedy is a story with a happy
ending.
• Aeschylus was a writer who wrote
a group of three plays called
Oresteia. These plays teach that
evil acts cause more evil and
suffering.
– He introduced the idea of using
costumes, props, & stage
decorations
Let’s try
using some
costumes
for the
actors!
The writer Sophocles wrote the plays
Oedipus and Antigone.
Why don't aliens
eat clowns.
Because they taste
funny!
• Euripides wrote plays
about real-life people
instead of gods.
Aristophanes
wrote comedies
that made fun of
leading
politicians and
scholars.
Drama: The Theater of Dionysus
– List three ways Greek drama differed from
plays & movies of today
• Relied on the chorus to help explain and expand the
story
• No women actors
• Held in outdoor theaters
Wives and daughters were not allowed to watch the Olympic
Games as the participants in the games did not wear clothes.
Chariot racing was the only game women could win, and
only then if they owned the horse. If that horse won, they
received the prize.
Sports: The Panathenaic Games
– What was the purpose of athletic events in
Greece?
• Showed the importance of a healthy body
• Honored the gods & goddesses
– Describe one Panathenaic event that is part of
our present Olympics
• Footraces, Boxing, Wrestling
– What events aren’t part of our Olympics?
• Chariot races,
• Races in full armor
• Pancratium
Pericles’ Epitaph
Journey Across Time
Pages 140-141
An epitaph is an inscription written on a
tombstone or burial place. Write an epitaph
summarizing the life of Pericles.
You need the following on
your tomb…
1.
2.
3.
4.
His name
Born & Died
3 Things he did for Athens
1 Fun Fact
Lesson 30:
Alexander the Great
Lesson 31:
Greek contributions to Modern Life
An epic is a long poem about heroic deeds.
The first great epics were the Iliad and the Odyssey,
written by a poet named Homer.
• The Iliad is about a battle for the city of
Troy.
– Prince of Troy kidnaps the wife of the
king of Sparta
• The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus, a
Greek hero.
– Based on a war between Greece and
the city of Troy
• Greeks believed these two epics were
real history.
The battle for Troy goes on for 10 years. Finally, the
Greeks came up with a plan to take the city. They built a
huge, hollow, wooden horse and hide inside it and then
captured the city.
• A Greek slave named Aesop wrote
many fables. A fable is a short tale
that teaches a lesson. These often
funny stories point out human flaws as
well as strengths.
• Fables were passed from person to
person by oral tradition.
I should’ve
known… Slow
& steady wins
the race!
Greek Contributions to Modern
Language & Literature
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alphabet
Words with Greek roots
Grammar
Punctuation
Paragraphing
Tragedies
Comedies
historical writings
Three types of governments
according to Aristotle…
• Monarch…
– Ruled by King or Queen)
• Aristocracy or Oligarchy…Ruled by
a few
• Democracy…Ruled by many
Thanks
Greece!
Greek Contributions to Modern Government
• Democracy
• Trial by a jury of citizens
Greek Contributions to Modern Medicine
• Belief that diseases have natural causes
• Belief that doctors should observe patients
• The Hippocratic Oath
Greek Contributions to Modern
Understanding of the Body
• Names & descriptions of internal organs
• Discovery that the heart pumps blood through the
body
• Discovery that the brain is the center of the nervous
system
Greek Science and Math
• Astronomers study the stars, planets, and
other heavenly bodies.
• Aristarchus was an astronomer who
claimed that the sun was at the center of
the universe and that Earth revolved
around the sun.
Eratoshenes was an astronomer who believed that
the Earth was round and measured Earth’s
circumference.
• He estimated that the distance around
Earth equaled 24, 675 miles…just 185
miles off the actual distance!!!!!
• Euclid, one of the most famous Greek
mathematicians, described plane
geometry. Plane geometry is the study of
points, lines, angles, and surfaces.
Archimedes was the most famous scientist of the
Hellenistic Era. He worked on solid geometry…the
study of spheres and cylinders.
• He also determined the value of pi, a
number used to measure the area of
circles. Archimedes invented the catapult,
among other weapons.
– Machines that hurled arrows, spears, and
rocks.
Greek Contributions to Modern
Mathematics
•
•
•
•
Development of mathematical theories
New techniques for measuring shapes & spaces
Euclid’s geometry textbook
Pythagorean Theorem
Greek Contributions to Modern Astronomy
• Idea that the Earth revolves around the sun
• Estimates of distances from Earth to the sun and
moon
• Naming of the stars
Greek Contributions to Modern Geography
• Use of stars to locate places on the Earth
• Use of longitude & latitude
• Maps that show the round Earth on a flat surface
Greek Contributions to Modern
Plants & Animals
• Identification of plans & their parts
• An understanding of how plants reproduce & their
use a medicine
• Classification of plans & animals
Greek Contributions to Modern Architecture
•
•
•
•
Pediments
Friezes
Columns
Covered porches
Greek Poetry & Fables
• Greek poems and stories are the oldest in
the Western world and serve as models
for European and American poems and
stories.
– Shakespeare borrowed many Greek plots &
settings!!
The writers of the Hellenistic Era
produced a large body of literature.
• Appolonius wrote the epic poem
Argonautica, recounting the legend
of Jason and his band of heroes.
Theocritus wrote short poems about
beauty and nature.
– Jason & his band sail the seas in
search of a ram with a golden fleece.
• Athenians still created plays, but the
plays of the Hellenistic Era were
about love and relationships.
– Unlike the Greek plays, they didn’t
make fun of political leaders.
Greek Contributions to Modern Theater
•
•
•
•
Seat arrangements
Special effects
Revolving scenery
Stories and plays
Greek Contributions to Modern Sports
• Olympic Games
• The pentathlon
Thanks
Greece..the
Olympics
ROCK!!!