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PAVLOV WHO WAS HE? ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Pavlov was born September 14th 1849, he was born in a small village in Russia. His primary interests were the study of physiology and natural science. Originally Pavlov’s family hoped that we would become a priest and follow in his family’s footsteps however he pursued a career in natural sciences. Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist and reportedly disliked the field of psychology altogether however his work had a major influence on the field. He is best known for classical conditioning, research on physiology and digestion and for winning a Nobel prize. Pavlov married in 1881 and the marriage suffered from stress as Pavlov made little money and they often had to stay in other people’s homes as they could not afford their own. Ivan Pavlov died on February 27th 1936. THE EARLY YEARS Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, on September 26, 1849, the eldest of 11 children. His father was a poor parish priest, from whom Pavlov acquired a lifelong love for physical labour and for learning. Whilst his mother was a homemaker, a young Pavlov worked in the gardens and orchard with his father – leading to his love and interest in plants. This passion lasted his whole life. He also enjoyed household chores, cycling, caring for his siblings, swimming and rowing. When Ivan was nine or ten, he fell and this affected his health in general and prevented him from starting formal education. At eleven he entered the second grade of the church school at Ryazan. In 1864 he went to the Theological Seminary of Ryazan, a school focused on training for the priesthood. He studied religion, classical languages, philosophy; and he developed an interest in science. MAKING OF A PHSYSIOLOGIST In 1870 Pavlov was admitted to the University of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) in Russia. He studied animal physiology as his major and chemistry as his minor. He also studied organic chemistry (the science that studies how living things are made) and inorganic chemistry (the science that studies how non living things are made). This taught him about what makes up both non-living things; plants and animals. Furthering his studies, Pavlov also learned the techniques of scientific investigation. Scientific investigation begins with questions, which leads to investigation by the scientist. This is followed by a report or statement that may describe the answer. The scientist then tests the theory/answer via observations.. After graduating from the University of St. Petersburg, Pavlov entered the Military Medical Academy in 1881 where he worked as a laboratory assistant for two years. In 1877, while still at the academy he published his first piece, which looked at the regulation of the circulation of blood by reflexes (any unconscious or involuntary action of the body). Within Two years he completed his course at the academy. Pavlov successfully competed in an examination, which awarded him a scholarship to continue postgraduate study at the academy. What is Pavlov’s Theory? Before I talk about Pavlov’s Theory let me ask you all a question. Does anyone remember being disciplined as a child and having a fear of a belt or a slipper? Not even having to see the item, but just being told to go get it was enough to make those tears begin to fall. Well for me it was the cane. The pain that I felt and the swishing sound that the cane made is one of few memories that have stuck with me from my childhood. As I child I eventually only had to hear a swishing sound and it would evoke the same fearful response in me. Well... Pavlov’s theory was in line with this. He believed that through classical conditioning you could change the response that a person had to an unconditioned stimulus from unconditioned response to a conditioned one. Over a period of time, with the implementation of a neutral stimulus, the association that the person makes between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus then changes the response to a conditioned one. Therefore, even without the presence of the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus alone would be enough to evoke the same conditioned response. For example, a toy given to a child such as a ‘Jack in the box’ would be the unconditional stimulus and the shock the child receives when the toy pops open would be the unconditioned response. However if you then bring in a neutral stimulus such as an electrical current which would zap the child when the ‘Jack in the box’ opened, the unconditional response of shock is replaced with a conditioned response of pain. Over a period of time, the child then identifies the ‘Jack in the box’ with the pain. Eventually, the link that the child has made between the Jack in the box and the pain means that the child only has to see the jack in the box in order to remember the pain. In conclusion the ‘Jack in the box’ becomes the conditioned stimulus and the feeling of pain becomes the conditioned response. HAHA... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI Pavlov's discovery! Whilst studying the digestive system of dogs Pavlov noticed something fascinating. His canines began to salivate every time his assistants entered the room. He realised that the dogs had made an association with the assistants who brought them food. Therefore associating the coat with the arrival of food. He began to use edible and non edible items to measure salivation; how much was produced by the presentation of each stimulus. He first operated on the dogs, implanting a device into their salivary gland. He noted the dogs salivation as a reflex process. It occurred automatically in response to specific stimulus. THE THEORY BEFORE = Salivation Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) (UCS) (UCR) Unconditional Response (UCR) Bell = No Salivation Neutral Stimulus (NS) (NS) (NR) No Response (NR) DURING (OVER TIME) Food + Bell = Salivation (UCS) (NS) (UCR BECOMES CR) AFTER Bell = Salivation (NS) (CR) Conditional Response (CR) The (NS) alone can now cause salivation. Food Classical Conditioning Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning builds on reflexes: We begin with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and an unconditioned response (UCR) - a reflex! We then associate a neutral stimulus (NS) with the reflex by presenting it with the unconditioned stimulus. Over a number of repetitions, the neutral stimulus by itself will elicit the response! At this point, the neutral stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the response is now called the conditioned response (CR). To put it in the form that Pavlov observed in his dogs: Some meat powder on the tongue makes a dog salivate. Ring a bell at the same time, and after a few repetitions, the dog will salivate upon hearing the bell alone - without being given the meat powder! The dog associates the ringing of a bell with the presentation of food. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus and the salivating is, at first, the unconditioned response. At first the bell is a neutral stimulus, but after conditioning, it becomes the conditioned stimulus and the salivating becomes the conditioned response. © Copyright 2002, 2009, C. George Boeree (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsylearning.htm) Ivan Pavlov’s Other Findings As we have just touched on, Ivan Pavlov experiment was on dogs, but he also experimented on children! Pavlov operated on children, he put a tube on their cheek to collect the salvia so he could measure it and fed them like dogs. In one experiment a child was on their back and a funnel type machine was placed above the child mouth, a device was attached to the child’s wrist and would squeeze their wrist, which would then release a cookie into their mouth. After a while just like the dogs, the child would open it mouth automatically whenever their wrist was squeezed and begin chewing in anticipation. This experiment was merely to prove that human reflexes could be conditioned just as easily as dogs. The Harsh side of Pavlov’s theory! Pavlov used a variety of stimuli, such as: Electric shock, Bells, ticking metronome. During Pavlov’s time of experimenting with conditioning, He wanted to explore different responses, the more he did this the more brutal it became. Performed on dogs in order to collect saliva. Pavlov experimented using minor procedures in which the end of the 6 salivary glands ducts was loosened from its attachments to the inner surface of the cheek. A small hole was made through the cheek and the end of the duct, together with the surrounding membrane, was pulled through the hole, He sutured the exterior surface and allowed to heal. CHILDREN!!! Pavlov’s worked not only on animals that he found on the streets but his work also extended on to children including his own. The children under went surgical procedures similar to those performed on dogs in order to collect saliva Condition Reversal * Pavlov tried to remove the conditioning which induced nervous breakdowns in the dogs; during the removal of the conditioning the nervous breakdown had rapidly and dramatically removed the conditioning. * He concluded during the breakdown the established connections in the dog’s brain were lost, when the brains rewired themselves it made new connections, leading to dramatic changes in behaviour. * Modern scientist discovered a number of errors within details of Pavlov’s discovery. Many have criticised Pavlov’s lack of detail and his failure to satisfyingly explain the true mechanism of the conditioned reflex representing limitations. * Regardless Pavlov is still considered a pioneering figure.