Download Applications Of Tissue Culture

Applications of Plant
Tissue Culture
Group Members
Safina Aftab
Amal Awais
Bakhtawar Ali
Hina Saif
What Is Tissue Culture?
Tissue culture is a process that involves exposing plant tissue
to a specific regimen of nutrients, hormones, and light under
sterile, in vitro conditions to produce many new plants, each
a clone of the original mother plant, over a very short period
of time
Importance of Tissue Culture
• Produce many copies of the same plant with better
physiological and biological outcomes
• Produce plants throughout the year regardless of
their seasonal value
• Eliminate diseases and infections
• Useful for preventing starvation in third world
countries
• Useful for studying GM organisms
Morphological Aspects
Understand the factors responsible for cell differentiation and organ
formation
Cell Dedifferentiation
Two Steps of Dedifferentiation:
1) Regression to the cambial stage
2) Return to the cytological structure of primary meristamatic cells
Cell Cultures
Provide valuable information on morphogenesis and plant
development
Cell cultures have contributed to an in-depth understanding of:
1) Cyto differentiation
2) Organogenesis (the most popular theory was hormonal control)
3) Somatic embryogenesis (bipolar embryos “embroids”)
Synthetic Seeds
Synthetic Seeds: Artificial encapsulation of somatic embryo, shoot buds or
aggregates of cell or any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in invitro or ex vivo condition
1. Micropropagation
• Four million genetically identical plants obtained from
a single bud
• In vitro propagation is based on the proliferation and
growth of numerous axillary buds which normally
remain dormant in the presence of terminal bud due
to apical dominance
2. Production of Secondary
Metabolites
• Secondary Metabolites are organic compounds that
aid in the growth of the plants, but are not required
for the plant to survive
• Tissue Culture can be used to quickly grow these
compounds that have obvious benefits
• Shikonin: Component of a Chinese herb. It targets
the mitochondria and triggers apoptosis in cancerous
cells. It also has the ability to suppress the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
2. Production of Secondary
Metabolites
• Berberine: A compound found in various herbs. It wa
s used in China for thousands of years as an antibioti
c and antifungal. It is also used to treat burns and pre
vent bacterial infection
• Ginseng Saponins: Compounds used to treat Osteop
orosis and Arthritis. They are also anti-cancer and anti
-oxidants
3. Production of Pathogen-Free
Plants
• Meristem Tip Culture is used, in which the apex is
removed from a donor plant and put in an In Vitro
Culture. This removes the chances of bacterial
contamination.
• This culture is coupled with thermotherapy or
chemotherapy for complete virus eradication
Production of Pathogen-Free Plants
4. Germplasm Conservation
• Germplasm is the entire genetic set of a plant
• Germplasm Conservation means preserving this
genetic set. It can be in the form of seeds or
roots/shoots, but also as a tissue culture. It ha various
kinds:
• Cryopreservation: freezing of culture, stops
growth
• Slow Growth Culture: limiting growth
5. Genetic Manipulations
Genetic Variability
• A measure of the tendency of individual genotypes in a
population to vary from one another
• Variability of a trait describes how much that trait tends to
vary in response to environmental and genetic influences
• Genetic variability in a population is important for
biodiversity, because without variability, it becomes difficult
for a population to adapt to environmental changes,
making it more prone to extinction
• Through Tissue Culture, the genome of a plant can be
modified to get desired traits, such as resistance to pests
and diseases
6. In Vitro Pollination
• Test-tube Fertilization: Development of seed through in
vitro pollination of exposed ovules
• In Vitro Pollination: The process of seed formation
following stigmatic pollination of cultured whole pistils
• Considering the fact that male gametes in plants do not
float freely and are delivered by pollen tube, a general term
‘in vitro pollination has been used for ovular pollination,
ovarian pollination, placental pollination and stigmatic
pollination under in vitro conditions.
• In vitro pollination, coupled with embryo rescue, can be
useful in overcoming incompatibility barriers between two
species in order to get the desired hybrid
The germination of A. frutescens pollen on the C. morifolium stigma imaged at (A) 6 h, (B) 12
h, (C) 24 h, (D) 36 h, and (E) 48 h post pollination. (F) ovules, (G) formation of callus, (H)
formation of plantlets.
7. Induction of Haploidy
• A recent advance in plant tissue culture and experimental
embryology is the successful induction of haploid plants by
the culture of unpollinated ovaries or ovules
• This means that not only the microspore, but also the
megaspore or female gametophyte of angiosperms can be
triggered in vitro to sporophytic development, thus opening a
new way to genetic research and haploid breeding
• Haploid plants are of great use in the study of genes – they
allow geneticists to examine genes in hemizygous conditions,
and study mutations and pairing
• Useful for improvement of crops by shortening the breeding
cycles and the production of genetic translocation
8. Somatic Hybridization
• Somatic cell fusion is useful in the study of
cytoplasmic genes and their activities - this
information can be applied in plant breeding
experiments
• Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type
of genetic modification in plants by which two
distinct species of plants are fused together to form a
new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both – a
somatic hybrid
Possible Result of Fusion of Two Genetically
Different Protoplasts
= chloroplast
= mitochondria
Fusion
= nucleus
heterokaryon
cybrid
hybrid
hybrid
cybrid
9. Genetic Transformation
• Genetic transformation is the most recent aspect of plant
cell and tissue culture - it provides the means for
transferring genes with a desirable trait into host plants
and recovery of transgenic plants
• Transformation is the step in the genetic engineering
process where a new gene (transgene) is inserted into a
single plant cell
Production of Transgenic Plants
Production of Transgenic Plants
Tearless Onion
Dr Colin Eady (of Crop & Food Research in New Zealand) and his collaborators
in Japan have created a tearless onion
Orange, Purple & Green Cauliflowers
Orange, purple and green cauliflowers have been created that scientists claim
could be healthier for you
Purple Tomatoes High in Anthocyanin
Rich in antioxidant pigment Anthocyanin to combat neurodegenerative disease
s, depression, and anxiety – maybe even prevent cancer
Conclusion
• Plant tissue culture offers many advantages over the
traditional methods of propagation
• It provides a way to fulfill the ever increasing global
demand for food resources
• It helps in the conservation of endangered plant
species, while allowing us to make completely new
and beneficial species
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
State any one advantage of Tissue Culture.
State the two steps of Cell Dedifferentiation.
What is Meristem Tip Culture?
Why is Genetic Variability important in a
population?
5. What is Genetic Transformation? Name one
plant that has been genetically transformed.