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Biol 221 Worksheet Endocrine System If you can’t find the answers in the lecture notes, then refer to the corresponding chapter in the textbook. 1. Complete the following definitions: a. Endocrine gland b. Hormone c. Target organ 2. Mechanisms of Hormone Action a. _____________ hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of their target cells. Once inside they bind to ____________________ forming a ____________________________ complex. The complex then binds to DNA, affecting the activity of specific ______________. b. Give one example of this type of hormone________________________. c. Some hormones are unable to diffuse across the cell membrane, and, therefore, can’t enter the cell. Instead, these hormones called _________ messengers bind to ______________ on the __________ _________________. This eventually results in the formation of a _________ messenger. This molecule then alters the activity of the target cell. d. Give one example of this type of hormone_________________________. 3. Control of Hormones a. The release of a hormone is usually stimulated by the action of one of these three means: 1. The action of other hormones called ___________________ hormones. 2. The changing concentrations of ________________ or ___________________ in the blood, referred to as ___________________stimulation. 3. By the nervous system, called ________________ stimulation. 4. Types of Cellular Responses – the specific response depends on the type of target cell and the receptor molecules made by that specific target. a. Non-steroidal hormones often activate or deactivate ______________. b. Some non-steroidal hormones result in the opening or closing of ion ____________________. c. Steroid hormones change the activity of genes, affecting protein ____________________. d. Special hormones called cytokines can affect the growth, division, or differentiation of the same or other cells. 5. Target cells can respond to changing levels of hormones. a. If hormone levels become too low, target cells may _______________(increase/decrease) the number of receptors for that hormone, thereby _____________________ (increasing/decreasing) the target’s responsiveness to that hormone. This is called ________________ (up/down) regulation. 6. Pituitary Gland This gland hangs from the __________________ by a stalk called the infundibulum, and lies within a depression in the _____________ bone called the ____________ ____________. a. Anterior Pituitary Gland i. Human Growth Hormone 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ ii. Prolactin 1. Target: 2. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ iii. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ iv. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ v. Follicle Stimulating Hormone 1. Females: a. Target ___________________________ b. Function ___________________________ 2. Males: a. Target b. Function ___________________________ ____________________________ vi. Luteinizing Hormone 1. Females: a. Target b. Functions ___________________________ ___________________________ 2. Males (Interstitial Cell-stimulating Hormone): a. Target ___________________________ b. Function ____________________________ b. Posterior Pituitary Gland (only stores & releases these hormones) i. Oxytocin 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ ii. Antidiuretic Hormone 1. Target: 2. Function: 4. 5. 6. ___________________________ ___________________________ Thyroid Gland a. Thyroid Hormone (T3:Triiodothyronine/T4:Thyroxine) 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ b. Calcitonin 1. Target: 2. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ Parathyroid Glands a. Parathyroid Hormone 1. Target: 2. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ Adrenal Glands a. Adrenal Cortex (outer) i. Cortisol (Glucocorticoids) 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ ii. Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids) 1. Target: ___________________________ 2. Function: ___________________________ c. Adrenal Medulla (inner) i. Epinephrine/Adrenalin (Fear/Flight) ii. Norepinephrine/Noradrenalin (Anger/Fight) 1. Targets: ___________________________ 2. Functions: ___________________________ 7. 8. Pancreas a. Insulin i. Target: ii. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ b. Glucagon i. Target: ii. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ Pineal Gland a. Melatonin i. Target: ii. Action: ___________________________ ___________________________ 9. Thymus Gland a. Thymosins i. Target: _____________________________________ ii. Action: _____________________________________ 10. Gonads b. Ovaries i. Estrogen 1. Target: 2. Function: ii. Progesterone 1. Target: 2. Function: c. Testes i. Testosterone 1. Target: 2. Function: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________