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1 BIOLOGY Name Course Date 2 Discussion 1 Humans and the ecosystem Introduction In biology, the ecosystem is one of the most important fields in studying and understanding the functions and relationships of living things. Ecosystem refers to the community of both living and non-living organisms as well as the much interactions between them. All human beings have many relationships with other living organisms given that they are also living things and are composed of cycle nutrients and cells. They also share characteristics with other living organisms such ass growth and development, homeostasis, reproduction, sensitivity as well as energy changes in their bodies. As a result of these related properties, there is a huge correlation between human beings and the environment such that human beings are highly influenced by the environmental factors surrounding them. It also good to note that this variation in the environment is influenced by the ecosystem itself with much dependence on other living and nonliving organisms. Relationship between humans and the ecosystem However, in the entire ecosystem, living and non-living organisms influence each other through various ways such as the energy flow throughout the entire ecosystem. The ecosystems among the living and nonliving things are facilitated by the recurrent energy and nutrient cycles which are acquired from other external sources. During the first level of this energy cycle, plants, algae, and certain bacteria use the energy from the sun for photosynthesis whereby they produce specific organic material. On the other hand, it’s good to note that these living things in the first energy cycle are known as the primary producers (In Mooney & In Zavaleta, E. (2016). The organic plant produced by the primary consumers is them consumed by animals that solely feed 3 on plants which are commonly known as herbivorous in the second energy cycle (second trophic level). These animals are the secondary consumers. In the third trophic level, these herbivorous are consumed by the predators whereby the presence of large predators represent higher levels of trophic. In this case, decomposers are the fungi, worms, insects and bacteria which breaks down the wastes from these energy cycles and dead living organisms such that the nutrients present are returned to the soil. Low energy transfer rate between these trophic levels shows the importance of decomposers over other producers in facilitating the flow of energy since they produce a huge amount of organic plant material and take nutrients back to the ecosystem. The following is the energy flow diagram in an ecosystem; Heat Sun Producers Inorganic nutrient pool Heat Consumers Decomposers Heat A human body comprises of many organs all necessary for human survival is a good example of an ecosystem. All these organs contribute to the main goals which are survival and adaptation just like the main components of the ecosystem contribute towards the main goal which is the energy flow (UN-Water, 2016). The human body is a home for many bacteria whereby the human body is known to host prokaryotic cells ten times more than the commonly expected 4 eukaryotic cells. Particularly, a human being’s mouth carry up to 400 unidentified and identified bacteria species where some of these bacteria are beneficial to the human being in consideration. A good example of this case is the gut digestion-aiding bacteria which produce vital vitamins used by the body of a human being. However, a human body contain bacteria which are in an ecological community which make community ecology principles more crucial in understanding how bacteria live in our bodies whether they are harmful or not. All their species adapt to the ecological niche and the entire human body and they also exist in a manner that encourages ecological balance. It’s this balance that slows down pathogens invasion (Hassan, 2016). It’s good to note that this invasion encourages competition for space and nutrients between the invading bacteria and the resident one which is responsible for antimicrobial proteins production required in related species’ growth. On the other hand, it’s also good to note that diseases that affect the human body are caused by shifts in micro biota mix experienced when normal flora is disrupted. A good example of this scenario is the effects of using broad spectrum antibiotics that decrease the amount of bacteria present in a human body’s colon. In this case, the growth of clostridium difficult is spurred which is not acceptable since the ecological balance is not efficiently enhanced as their presence should be in low amounts. The effects on the human body are therefore experienced in the colon lining since this bacterium produce harmful toxins. Although few individuals normally host this microbe mix, other bacteria normal levels ensure that the amount of clostridium difficile is kept low. Super infections only occurs when this balance in bacterial amounts is altered. 5 Conclusion The human body is made up of several organs where each organ has its own unique responsibilities depending on its location on the body. The skin has the niche to detect temperature variations in the environment surrounding the human body. A good example of an urbanized city in the United States is the New York City. This urbanization has made coyotes roam the city streets as well as other charismatic wild species. Human beings should other species habitats by providing them with alternative habitats such a game parks and other habitats. 6 Discussion 2 Early childhood development Introduction Early childhood refers to the period between the prenatal development of a child and his eighth birthday. This is a critical time since a child’s experience at this time serves as the main foundation platform for the rest of his life. During early childhood development, a child’s physical, health, language and social aspects highly influence the child’s economic participation. School success, health, basic learning as well as social citizenry. As a result of the basic impact early childhood development has on the entire life of a human being, professions in this field are supposed to play their roles with great care and dedication. The classroom and outdoor play environment The key professionals in this field are the teachers and the whole process takes place in a classroom. It’s good to note that in the classroom environment, the teacher should implement the following activities so that the desired goals of childhood development are met. The teacher should play the role of a guide to the children in the classroom and should, therefore, work hand in hand with the children so that the set goals are realized (McCartney & Phillips, 2014). The professional should become a partner in learning and has a responsibility to encourage children to determine their answers such that the children learn and share experiences with the teacher in the classroom. An early childhood education teacher should also support learning. He or she should ensure that all learning materials that children find engaging are available in the classroom and these materials should be interesting to the children such that they will develop an interest in learning since it will be fun and easy. 7 On the other hand, a teacher should also nurture children in all ways of development such as cognitive, physical and social aspects. He should also take a time to listen to the children while in the classroom as well as actions and words interpretation. He should also communicate with all the stakeholders in the education sectors including parents, the general public as well as support staff on a child’s progress in the classroom. The components of early childhood development include these stakeholders in the field of education. Playing is also important since children are able to exercise and relieve classrooms stress they might have. It also encourages proper physical growth. All these activities will adhere to nature, experience and think as Rousseau, Dewey and Piaget's theories explain. The current theories of early childhood development enhance math and science as well as young children’s development. A child’s movement and experiences accumulate and build the knowledge’s building blocks commonly known as concepts. A healthy child, therefore, changes concrete materials in their daily activities by collecting data and the repeated exposer of finding out the order of this data. This child’s determined order creates the basis under which the child develops concepts. It's common knowledge that young children copy scientists naturally thereby learning huge amounts of information on a daily basis when they move and explore the world. Despite the absence of flash cards and well-structured lessons at school, a child learns and understands the science and mathematics fundamental concepts from each movement, impression as well as the actions he makes (Palaiologou, 2013). However, research has proved that science and mathematics lessons can affect efficient brain development which actually influence concept development. 8 Conclusion Due to the effects mathematics and science have on young children, greater mathematics and science integration in early childhood development is key. The types of opportunities and amounts should be regulated to suit the capabilities of the young children. It should also much the children’s brain capacity with proper learning materials in place. Additional professions should also be added to this field so that they are enough to address all the children’s welfare. 9 References In Mooney, H. A., & In Zavaleta, E. (2016). Ecosystems of California UN-Water, (2016).Water and jobs. Hassan, R. M, (2016). Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends : findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group. Washington, DC: Island Press. McCartney, K., & Phillips, D. (2014). Blackwell handbook of early childhood development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Palaiologou, I. (2013). Child Observation for the Early Years: 9780857257451.