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Early People of the Aegean
The story of Europa
Daughter of the king of
Phoenicia
Went to put flowers on the
horns of the Bull (Zeus) and
he swept her away to the
island of Crete.
Eventually she married, and
the King of Crete gave her
name to all of the land.
Europe
Minoan Civilization
Name after King
Minos
Between 1750 bc and
1500 bc is when the
Minoans reached its
greatest success.
Success was based on
trade, not conquest.
The Palace of Knossos
Housed the royal family
and included religious
shrines which were areas
dedicated to the honor of
gods and goddesses.
The walls are covered
with frescoes.
Frescoes- watercolor
paintings done on wet
plaster.
Civilization is believed to just
disappear
The eruption of Mt.
Vesuvius is believed to
lead to the decline of
the Minoans.
Rulers of Mycenae
Dominated from 1400
bc to 1200 bc
Lived in city-statesareas created by
warrior-kings that had
thick-walled fortresses
from where he lived
and ruled the
surrounding villages
The Trojan War
Took place around
1250 bc.
Had its roots in the
economic struggles
between Mycenae and
Troy (Turkey).
Troy controlled the
straits that linked the
Mediterranean and
Black sea.
Romantic Story of Troy
The Trojan Prince Paris
kidnapped Helen, the
beautiful wife of a Greek
king, the Mycenaean's
sailed to Troy to rescue
her. For the next 10 years,
the two sides battled until
the Greeks finally seized
Troy and burned the city
to the ground.
Believed to be a fairy tale
until Heinrich Schliemann
The Age of Homer
The Mycenaean
civilization soon
crumbles under the
attack of the Dorian's.
We get hints about
what life was like
during this time
because of the two
epic poems written by
Homer.
The Iliad
Written by the blind poet
Homer around 750 bc.
Chief source about what
happened in the Trojan
War
Story involves god,
goddesses, and even a
talking horse named
Pegasus. This is where we
get our story about
Achilles, the great Greek
warrior.
The Odyssey
Written by Homer
Tells of the great struggles
of of the Greek hero
Odysseus.
On his way home to his
wife (Penelope) Odysseus
encounters a sea monster,
a race of one-eyed giants,
and a beautiful sorceress
who turns men into swine.
Today’s Discussion Questions
Where did the earliest Greeks live?
Which group lived first? How many years earlier?
Did any of these early Greeks overlap?
Discover 5 ways that the Minoans and
Mycenaeans were alike.
What happened to the Minoans and Mycenaeans?
Was the Trojan War real? How do we know?
Were the Dorians civilized? Defend your answer.
Why is Crete called the “Cradle of Civilization”?
Section 2 and the Rise of the
Greek City States
Landscape was
dominated by
mountains and water.
Because of these
geographical barriers,
the Greeks were used
to wars between the
many city states, and
were excellent traders.
Governing the City States
The city states were
usually built on two
levels.
These city states evolved
into unique city’s called
polis. (Indianapolis)
Level 1- (Lower Level)
was the walled main city
with its marketplace,
theater, public buildings,
and homes.
Level 1- (Upper Level) the
acropolis, or high city.
Early Governments
At first the ruler of the
city-states was called a
king.
Absolute Monarchy-King
or Queen holds all of the
power.
Power shifts from the
King to the wealthy
landowning elite called an
aristocracy.
Eventually forms into an
Oligarchy or rule by the
few.
Changes in Warfare
Iron weapons replaced
bronze ones.
Ordinary citizens
could afford Iron
helmets, shields, and
swords.
The phalanx
developed-massive
formation of heavily
armed foot soldiers.
Sparta
Sparta was a military
society.
They turned their
conquered people into
helots (state owned
slaves).
Spartan Government
Two kings who were
advised by a council
of elders.
An assembly made up
of all citizens
approved major
decisions. Classical
Democracy
Rigors of Citizenship
From childhood, Spartans
were prepared to be part
of a military state.
Newborns were examined
and those who were sickly
were abandoned and left
to die.
At the age of seven boys
began training for the
army.
After the age of 30 he took
his place in the Assembly
Women in Spartan Society
Women had to
exercise and
strengthen their bodies
so they birthed a
strong baby.
Could divorce
Athens and Democracy
Evolved from a
monarchy to an
aristocracy.
Because of discontent
among traders and
farmers Athens moved
to a democracy.
Solon’s Reform
Appointed Archon or chief
official in 594 B.C.
He was granted a free
hand or what is similar to
Marshall Law.
He got rid of debt slavery,
opened offices up for
citizens, and granted
citizenship to foreigners.
More reforms
Because of the rise of tyrants,
or people who gained power
through force, Cleisthenes set
up a Council of 500, whose
members were chosen by lot
from among all citizens.
The council prepared laws for
the council or legislature. (Law
making body)
All males over 30 belonged to
the Assembly.
Limited Rights
Only male citizens
could participate
Thousands of
Athenians were also
slaves.
Women had no share
in public life.
Religious Beliefs
Polytheistic
Believed the gods lived on
Mount Olympus.
Zeus was the most
powerful.
His children include
Aphrodite-goddess of love
Ares- god of war
Athena- goddess of wisdom
Victory and Defeat in the Greek
Herodotus (the first
historian) tells of
the defiance of the
Greek city-states
towards Persia and
Darius I
The Persian Wars-Most Important
Battle in Athens History
499 BC-480 BC
Persia v. Athens
Herodotus: Athens sent
ships to help Miletus rebel
against the Persians.
Persians pledge revenge.
The Battle of Marathon
Athens were greatly
outnumbered but were
masters at hand to hand
combat and pushed the
Persians back to their ships.
Renewed Attacks
Xerxes led after Darius
died. 150,000 men / 600 ships
Battle of Thermopylae
Spartans put up fierce
resistance but ended up
losing
The Persians turned towards
Athens and burnt the city
down
This was all part of
Themistocles concerns
Themistocles
Convinced Athens to invest silver mine
profits in new navy- 200 ships
Understood fierceness of Aegean Sea
Made Sparta in charge of land forces
Kept Athenian navy in safe harbors until
last minute
Results
The Athenian ships built
with rams and powered by
Athenian rowers (fighting
platforms) rammed into
Xerxes fleet and defeated
the soldiers on the water
and a year later on land
Athens emerged from
these wars as the most
powerful city-state in
Greece.
Delian League
A military alliance
between two or more
nations to defend one
another
A Golden Age is
created under Pericles
after the Persian
Wars
Peloponnesian War
Thucydides A History of
the Peloponnesian War
Resentment was building
between the Greeks.
Athens and their Delian
league v. Sparta and their
Peloponnesian league.
Athens power was growing
too strong.
Direct Democracy vs.
Oligarchy
Peloponnesian War Continued
Pericles let people
from the countryside
inside of the city walls
which led to disease,
killing a third of his
army and himself.
Eventually Sparta
allies itself with long
time enemy Persia and
captures Athens.
The Aftermath
This war leads to the end
of Athens dominance
Democratic government
suffered as a result.
Fighting takes place
amongst the Greeks which
allows the Thebes and
Macedonia to eventually
conquer Athens.
The Glory that was Greece
Driven by curiosity
and a belief in reason,
Greek thinkers, artists,
and writers explore the
nature of the universe
and the place of
people in it.
Greek Philosophers
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Pythagoras
Hippocrates
Herodotus
Thucydides
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Aristophanes
Socrates
Founder of the Socratic
Method- he would pose a
series of questions to his
students and challenge
them to examine the
implications of their
answers.
Seen as a threat to Greeks
traditions and eventually
put on trial. Was
convicted of defying the
gods and was sentenced to
death by drinking
Hemlock
Plato
Set up the “Academy”
Taught the importance of
reason
Wrote “the Republic”
In this book he describes
the three levels of society
Workers
Soldiers
Philosophers
Aristotle
Plato’s most famous
student
Supported a strong central
ruler, because he was
afraid of a strong and elite
mob (citizenry)
Created the Lyceum a
school for the study of all
branches of knowledge
Mathematics, Medicine, and
Science
Pythagoras and the
Pythagorean theorem.
A squared + B squared
equals C squared.
Hippocrates and the
Hippocratic oath
(founder of medical
science)
History
Herodotus was
considered to be the
first historian and the
greatest storyteller.
Thucydides stated that
studying the past
helped to understand
human nature.
Greek Theater
Drama
Tragedies
Sophocles – Oedipus
Rex
Euripides – The Trojan
Women
Aeschylus wrote about
religion
Dramas
Aristophanes
Section 5 and Alexander and the
Hellenistic Age
Phillip’s dream
Took the throne in 359
bc.
Conquered Athens and
Thebes and brought all
of Greece under his
control.
Assassinated at his
daughters wedding.
(Great Wedding Gift)
Alexander
After Philip’s death his
wife Olympias put her son
Alexander on the throne.
He was only 20 years old
when he took the throne.
Never lost a battle
Died of a fever
Last words “to the
strongest”
The Legacy of Alexander
Although his empire soon
crumbled, his greatest
achievement was the
spread of Greek culture.
Named most of the cities
after himself
A blending of eastern and
western cultures occurred.
Alexander encouraged this
by having his soldiers and
himself marry Persian
women.
Rise of Hellenistic Civilization
Assimilation- or absorbing
Greek ideas was the cornerstone
to Alexander's empire.
Learning and arts encouraged
by Alexander and his
successors helped the
Hellenistic spread
Alexandria, Egypt, became the
center of trade and learning
Spread of Greek, Middle
Eastern and Persian religion
Spread of Christianity
Greek Gods and Goddesses
Zeus
Aphrodite
Apollo
Ares
Artemis
Athena
Demeter
Hades
Hermes
Hestia
Poseidon
Nike
Zeus
Zeus, King of the Gods
Symbol or Attribute:
Thunderbolt.
Strengths: Highly
powerful, strong,
charming, persuasive.
Weaknesses: Gets in
trouble over love affairs,
can be moody.
Hera
Hera, Queen of
Olympus
Symbol or
Attribute:The peacock
Strengths: Determined
defender of the sanctity
of marriage and
monogamy
Weaknesses:Determin
ed defender of the
sanctity of marriage and
monogamy - but
married Zeus
Aphrodite
Aphrodite, Goddess of Love
Symbol or Attribute: Her
Girdle, which has magical
powers to compel love.
Strengths: Potent sexual
attractiveness, dazzling
beauty.
Weaknesses: A bit stuck on
herself, but with a perfect
face and body, who can
blame her?
Apollo
Apollo, the God of the Sun
and of Music
Symbol or Attribute: The
Sun itself, the lyre (a type of
musical instrument), the
bow, and the chariot he
drives across the sky daily.
Strengths: Creative,
handsome, supportive of all
the arts of civilization.
Weaknesses: Like his father
Zeus Apollo is all too happy
to enjoy the charms of life.
Ares
Ares, God of War
Symbol or Attribute:
The spear. He is also
associated with vultures
and dogs.
Strengths: Decisive,
determined, fearless.
Weaknesses:Impulsive
bloodthirsty, raring for a
fight regardless of the
consequences
Athena
Athena, Goddess of Wisdom
Symbol or Attribute: Owl,
signifying watchfulness and
wisdom.
Strengths: Rational,
intelligent, a powerful
defender in war but also a
potent peacemaker.
Weaknesses: Reason rules
her; she is not usually
emotional or compassionate.
Demeter
Demeter, Goddess of Agriculture
Symbol or Attribute:Wheat and the
Horn of Plenty (Cornucopia).
Strengths: Controls the fertility of
the earth as goddess of Agriculture;
also gives life after death to those
who learn her Mysteries.
Weaknesses: Not one to cross
lightly. After the kidnapping of her
daughter Persephone, she blights
the earth and won't let the plants
grow. But who can blame her? Zeus
gave Hades permission to "marry"
Persephone but whoops! didn't
mention it to her or her Mom
Hades
Hades, Lord of the
Underworld
Symbol or Attribute:Scepter or
horn of plenty.
Strengths: Rich with the wealth of
the earth, especially precious
metals. Persistent and determined.
Weaknesses: Passionate over
Persephone, the daughter of
Demeter, whom Zeus promised to
Hades as his bride. (Unfortunately,
Zeus apparently neglected to
mention it to either Demeter or
Persephone.) Impulsive, favoring
sudden, decisive actions. Can also
be deceptive
Hermes
Hermes, Messenger of
the Gods
Symbol or Attribute:His staff,
This is the symbol used by
doctors, though Hermes'
connection with healing is faint.
He is, however, the god of
merchants.
Strengths: Clever, bold,
determined, athletic, a powerful
magician. Can charm monsters
with his flute or lyre music.
Weaknesses: No major
weakness unless you count
seldom staying still for long.
Hermes has it together.
Hercules
Hercules, Son of
Zeus
Nike
Goddess of Victory