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Early People of the Aegean The story of Europa Daughter of the king of Phoenicia Went to put flowers on the horns of the Bull (Zeus) and he swept her away to the island of Crete. Eventually she married, and the King of Crete gave her name to all of the land. Europe Minoan Civilization Name after King Minos Between 1750 bc and 1500 bc is when the Minoans reached its greatest success. Success was based on trade, not conquest. The Palace of Knossos Housed the royal family and included religious shrines which were areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses. The walls are covered with frescoes. Frescoes- watercolor paintings done on wet plaster. Civilization is believed to just disappear The eruption of Mt. Vesuvius is believed to lead to the decline of the Minoans. Rulers of Mycenae Dominated from 1400 bc to 1200 bc Lived in city-statesareas created by warrior-kings that had thick-walled fortresses from where he lived and ruled the surrounding villages The Trojan War Took place around 1250 bc. Had its roots in the economic struggles between Mycenae and Troy (Turkey). Troy controlled the straits that linked the Mediterranean and Black sea. Romantic Story of Troy The Trojan Prince Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king, the Mycenaean's sailed to Troy to rescue her. For the next 10 years, the two sides battled until the Greeks finally seized Troy and burned the city to the ground. Believed to be a fairy tale until Heinrich Schliemann The Age of Homer The Mycenaean civilization soon crumbles under the attack of the Dorian's. We get hints about what life was like during this time because of the two epic poems written by Homer. The Iliad Written by the blind poet Homer around 750 bc. Chief source about what happened in the Trojan War Story involves god, goddesses, and even a talking horse named Pegasus. This is where we get our story about Achilles, the great Greek warrior. The Odyssey Written by Homer Tells of the great struggles of of the Greek hero Odysseus. On his way home to his wife (Penelope) Odysseus encounters a sea monster, a race of one-eyed giants, and a beautiful sorceress who turns men into swine. Today’s Discussion Questions Where did the earliest Greeks live? Which group lived first? How many years earlier? Did any of these early Greeks overlap? Discover 5 ways that the Minoans and Mycenaeans were alike. What happened to the Minoans and Mycenaeans? Was the Trojan War real? How do we know? Were the Dorians civilized? Defend your answer. Why is Crete called the “Cradle of Civilization”? Section 2 and the Rise of the Greek City States Landscape was dominated by mountains and water. Because of these geographical barriers, the Greeks were used to wars between the many city states, and were excellent traders. Governing the City States The city states were usually built on two levels. These city states evolved into unique city’s called polis. (Indianapolis) Level 1- (Lower Level) was the walled main city with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes. Level 1- (Upper Level) the acropolis, or high city. Early Governments At first the ruler of the city-states was called a king. Absolute Monarchy-King or Queen holds all of the power. Power shifts from the King to the wealthy landowning elite called an aristocracy. Eventually forms into an Oligarchy or rule by the few. Changes in Warfare Iron weapons replaced bronze ones. Ordinary citizens could afford Iron helmets, shields, and swords. The phalanx developed-massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. Sparta Sparta was a military society. They turned their conquered people into helots (state owned slaves). Spartan Government Two kings who were advised by a council of elders. An assembly made up of all citizens approved major decisions. Classical Democracy Rigors of Citizenship From childhood, Spartans were prepared to be part of a military state. Newborns were examined and those who were sickly were abandoned and left to die. At the age of seven boys began training for the army. After the age of 30 he took his place in the Assembly Women in Spartan Society Women had to exercise and strengthen their bodies so they birthed a strong baby. Could divorce Athens and Democracy Evolved from a monarchy to an aristocracy. Because of discontent among traders and farmers Athens moved to a democracy. Solon’s Reform Appointed Archon or chief official in 594 B.C. He was granted a free hand or what is similar to Marshall Law. He got rid of debt slavery, opened offices up for citizens, and granted citizenship to foreigners. More reforms Because of the rise of tyrants, or people who gained power through force, Cleisthenes set up a Council of 500, whose members were chosen by lot from among all citizens. The council prepared laws for the council or legislature. (Law making body) All males over 30 belonged to the Assembly. Limited Rights Only male citizens could participate Thousands of Athenians were also slaves. Women had no share in public life. Religious Beliefs Polytheistic Believed the gods lived on Mount Olympus. Zeus was the most powerful. His children include Aphrodite-goddess of love Ares- god of war Athena- goddess of wisdom Victory and Defeat in the Greek Herodotus (the first historian) tells of the defiance of the Greek city-states towards Persia and Darius I The Persian Wars-Most Important Battle in Athens History 499 BC-480 BC Persia v. Athens Herodotus: Athens sent ships to help Miletus rebel against the Persians. Persians pledge revenge. The Battle of Marathon Athens were greatly outnumbered but were masters at hand to hand combat and pushed the Persians back to their ships. Renewed Attacks Xerxes led after Darius died. 150,000 men / 600 ships Battle of Thermopylae Spartans put up fierce resistance but ended up losing The Persians turned towards Athens and burnt the city down This was all part of Themistocles concerns Themistocles Convinced Athens to invest silver mine profits in new navy- 200 ships Understood fierceness of Aegean Sea Made Sparta in charge of land forces Kept Athenian navy in safe harbors until last minute Results The Athenian ships built with rams and powered by Athenian rowers (fighting platforms) rammed into Xerxes fleet and defeated the soldiers on the water and a year later on land Athens emerged from these wars as the most powerful city-state in Greece. Delian League A military alliance between two or more nations to defend one another A Golden Age is created under Pericles after the Persian Wars Peloponnesian War Thucydides A History of the Peloponnesian War Resentment was building between the Greeks. Athens and their Delian league v. Sparta and their Peloponnesian league. Athens power was growing too strong. Direct Democracy vs. Oligarchy Peloponnesian War Continued Pericles let people from the countryside inside of the city walls which led to disease, killing a third of his army and himself. Eventually Sparta allies itself with long time enemy Persia and captures Athens. The Aftermath This war leads to the end of Athens dominance Democratic government suffered as a result. Fighting takes place amongst the Greeks which allows the Thebes and Macedonia to eventually conquer Athens. The Glory that was Greece Driven by curiosity and a belief in reason, Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and the place of people in it. Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle Pythagoras Hippocrates Herodotus Thucydides Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Aristophanes Socrates Founder of the Socratic Method- he would pose a series of questions to his students and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers. Seen as a threat to Greeks traditions and eventually put on trial. Was convicted of defying the gods and was sentenced to death by drinking Hemlock Plato Set up the “Academy” Taught the importance of reason Wrote “the Republic” In this book he describes the three levels of society Workers Soldiers Philosophers Aristotle Plato’s most famous student Supported a strong central ruler, because he was afraid of a strong and elite mob (citizenry) Created the Lyceum a school for the study of all branches of knowledge Mathematics, Medicine, and Science Pythagoras and the Pythagorean theorem. A squared + B squared equals C squared. Hippocrates and the Hippocratic oath (founder of medical science) History Herodotus was considered to be the first historian and the greatest storyteller. Thucydides stated that studying the past helped to understand human nature. Greek Theater Drama Tragedies Sophocles – Oedipus Rex Euripides – The Trojan Women Aeschylus wrote about religion Dramas Aristophanes Section 5 and Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Phillip’s dream Took the throne in 359 bc. Conquered Athens and Thebes and brought all of Greece under his control. Assassinated at his daughters wedding. (Great Wedding Gift) Alexander After Philip’s death his wife Olympias put her son Alexander on the throne. He was only 20 years old when he took the throne. Never lost a battle Died of a fever Last words “to the strongest” The Legacy of Alexander Although his empire soon crumbled, his greatest achievement was the spread of Greek culture. Named most of the cities after himself A blending of eastern and western cultures occurred. Alexander encouraged this by having his soldiers and himself marry Persian women. Rise of Hellenistic Civilization Assimilation- or absorbing Greek ideas was the cornerstone to Alexander's empire. Learning and arts encouraged by Alexander and his successors helped the Hellenistic spread Alexandria, Egypt, became the center of trade and learning Spread of Greek, Middle Eastern and Persian religion Spread of Christianity Greek Gods and Goddesses Zeus Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Hades Hermes Hestia Poseidon Nike Zeus Zeus, King of the Gods Symbol or Attribute: Thunderbolt. Strengths: Highly powerful, strong, charming, persuasive. Weaknesses: Gets in trouble over love affairs, can be moody. Hera Hera, Queen of Olympus Symbol or Attribute:The peacock Strengths: Determined defender of the sanctity of marriage and monogamy Weaknesses:Determin ed defender of the sanctity of marriage and monogamy - but married Zeus Aphrodite Aphrodite, Goddess of Love Symbol or Attribute: Her Girdle, which has magical powers to compel love. Strengths: Potent sexual attractiveness, dazzling beauty. Weaknesses: A bit stuck on herself, but with a perfect face and body, who can blame her? Apollo Apollo, the God of the Sun and of Music Symbol or Attribute: The Sun itself, the lyre (a type of musical instrument), the bow, and the chariot he drives across the sky daily. Strengths: Creative, handsome, supportive of all the arts of civilization. Weaknesses: Like his father Zeus Apollo is all too happy to enjoy the charms of life. Ares Ares, God of War Symbol or Attribute: The spear. He is also associated with vultures and dogs. Strengths: Decisive, determined, fearless. Weaknesses:Impulsive bloodthirsty, raring for a fight regardless of the consequences Athena Athena, Goddess of Wisdom Symbol or Attribute: Owl, signifying watchfulness and wisdom. Strengths: Rational, intelligent, a powerful defender in war but also a potent peacemaker. Weaknesses: Reason rules her; she is not usually emotional or compassionate. Demeter Demeter, Goddess of Agriculture Symbol or Attribute:Wheat and the Horn of Plenty (Cornucopia). Strengths: Controls the fertility of the earth as goddess of Agriculture; also gives life after death to those who learn her Mysteries. Weaknesses: Not one to cross lightly. After the kidnapping of her daughter Persephone, she blights the earth and won't let the plants grow. But who can blame her? Zeus gave Hades permission to "marry" Persephone but whoops! didn't mention it to her or her Mom Hades Hades, Lord of the Underworld Symbol or Attribute:Scepter or horn of plenty. Strengths: Rich with the wealth of the earth, especially precious metals. Persistent and determined. Weaknesses: Passionate over Persephone, the daughter of Demeter, whom Zeus promised to Hades as his bride. (Unfortunately, Zeus apparently neglected to mention it to either Demeter or Persephone.) Impulsive, favoring sudden, decisive actions. Can also be deceptive Hermes Hermes, Messenger of the Gods Symbol or Attribute:His staff, This is the symbol used by doctors, though Hermes' connection with healing is faint. He is, however, the god of merchants. Strengths: Clever, bold, determined, athletic, a powerful magician. Can charm monsters with his flute or lyre music. Weaknesses: No major weakness unless you count seldom staying still for long. Hermes has it together. Hercules Hercules, Son of Zeus Nike Goddess of Victory