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Transcript
2015 The Plant Kingdom (Chapters 20-22 in online textbook) Major Characteristics: 1. Habitats: 2. Human survival is dependent on plants: 3. Autotrophic: 4. Multicellular 5. Eukaryotic 6. Cell walls composed of_________________________ Types of Plants: 1. ____________________________________: A. Characteristics: no specialized cells for forming ____________, ______________, and _____________________ adapted to live in ______________ environment usually ______________________ (no method for moving food & water) B. Example: ________________________ composed of a ________________ (like a stem) and the ____________________ (root-like filament by which they attach to a surface and absorb nourishment). usually found on bare rock or surface of soil. common examples include _____________ & _______________________ 2. Vascular plants: A. Characteristics: have true roots, stems, and leaves ____________________ tissues transport ______________, ______________ & _______________. -2 types of vascular tissue: ___________ Transport water up the plant ___________ Transport glucose down the plant vascular development allows for larger plants & and drier environments B. Examples: 1. Ferns (Division ______________________): ________________ developed vascular plant; contain vascular tissue but still reproduces by ___________________________ produced on the underside of ________________ (leaf-like structures); ______________ required for fertilization Have underground stems called ___________________that have roots growing down & fronds growing up. The rhizomes act as a ________ storage when the fern is unable to photosynthesize during________ conditions. 2. Gymnosperms (“______________________”): a. Characteristics: protective __________ around ____________________ (whole structure is a _______________) that increases survival; can withstand ____________ conditions. male gamete = _____________; female = __________________ ________________________: when pollen lands on female reproductive structure; male cones make pollen; female cones contain egg to make seed; pollen delivered by wind ________________________: pollen sperm fuses with egg; no water required the fertilized egg may take ___ yrs to develop into seed b. Examples: ______________________________ (cone-bearing): evergreen trees & shrubs with needle thin leaves (thick ______________ covers leaves to allow for survival in extreme conditions) ___________________: palm-like conifers such as the Sago “palm” (not a true palm!) or the cardboard “palm”... they are more similar to pines that palms! __________________: “discovered” in the garden of an isolated Chinese monastery; flat leaves; seeds covered with “flesh” that decays and gives foul odor. 3. ________________________ (Flowering Plants) a. Characteristics: grows in many habitats water not needed for fertilization production of __________________ (enhances pollination & fertilization) protection & dispersal of seeds with _________________. make up the bulk of human diet seed contains _____________________ (tissue to nourish developing embryo) b. Types of Angiosperms: monocots dicots Based on arrangement of __________________ ________________. Organ: Leaf Internal leaf structure Although chloroplasts are found in the cells of young stems and immature fruits, ______________________ are the real photosynthetic factories of the plant. A cross section through the blade of a typical leaf reveals 4 distinct tissue layers. 1. ______________ _______________: This is a single layer of cells containing few or no ____________________. The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them to pass through to the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof _________________________, which serves to reduce water loss from the leaf. 2. _______________ ______________: This consists of one or more layers of cylinder-shaped cells. The cells are filled with ________________________ (usually several dozen of them) and carry on most of the _________________________________ in the leaf. 3. __________ __________: Lying beneath the palisade layer, its cells are irregular in shape and loosely packed. Although they contain a few chloroplasts, their main function seems to be aiding in the exchange of gases between the leaf and the environment. During the day, these cells give off _______________ and _____________ _____________ to the _____________ ______________ that surround them. They also pick up carbon dioxide from the air spaces. The air spaces are interconnected and eventually open to the outside through pores called ________________. (sing., stoma). 4. _____________ _______________: Typically. most of the stomata (thousands per square centimeter) are located in the lower epidermis. Although most of the cells of the lower epidermis resemble those of the upper epidermis, each stoma is flanked by two sausage-shaped cells called ______________ ___________. The guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. Thus they control the exchange of gases between the leaf and the surrounding atmosphere. Leaf Veins Not only must the cells of the palisade and spongy layers be close to their air supply to allow the _______________ ________________ into leaf and to release the ____________________ out of leaf, but they must be close to a leaf vein with its two types of _______________________ ______________________, ______________________ to supply water and minerals and ______________________ to remove synthesized food. The photo shows the network of leaf veins in a maple leaf. Probably no cell in the spongy layer is more than ____________cells away from a vein. The xylem and phloem of veins is often surrounded by layers of ___________________________________ cells. These impart strength to the vein providing a stiff framework to support the soft tissues of the leaf blade. Below are examples of various leaf modifications Requirements for ____________________ In the presence of _________, plants transform __________ _______________ and _____________ into ___________________(_________________) and release ____________________. Formula (write it out): Requirements: ____________________: actually a mixture of different wavelengths of light ____________________: absorb light in the plant cell; _________ absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light. _________________ ___________________: Energy is stored in ___________ _____________. The production of ________________ ____________________ (______) stores energy in chemical form so that cells can use it. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and ______ phosphate groups. Energy is _____________ when a phosphate group is bonded to an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Still more energy is stored when another phosphate group is bonded to the ADP to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Energy is ___________________ when the phosphate groups are removed. ____________________ control the production of ATP and its breakdown within the cell. Plant Pigments: 1. _____________________: most important and abundant; absorbs two main colors of light (___________ and _____________): found in two types: a. ___________________: appears bright green to blue green; being the ____________ photosynthetic pigment, it has a primary purpose to convert ______________ energy to ____________________ energy used by the plant. b. _____________________: appears yellow green to olive green; absorbs light in a region of the spectrum apart from the dominant chlorophyll, and ________________ the energy it produces to chlorophyll a. 2. ________________ pigments: capture the sun’s energy but ____________ convert it to _______________ energy; rather it “hands off” the energy to ________________________. a. _____________________: orange pigment found in carrots, pumpkins, oranges, etc. b. _____________________: yellow pigment found in squash, lemons, etc. c. _____________________: responsible for the red and blue colors in plants such as grapes, apples, roses, beets, etc. d. _____________________: The brown color in leaves that persists after all other colors have disappeared Regulating Growth and Development in Plants __________________ Control Plant Growth and Development: A __________________ is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and then ____________________ to another part of the organism, where it brings about a ____________________. Plant Hormone Effects: Produced in the tips of stems; promotes stem elongation, fruit development, suppresses leaf & fruit drop; inhibits lateral bud growth Produced in root tips; stimulate cell division; promote lateral bud growth Produced throughout the plant body; stimulates fruit ripening; promotes fruit ripening, promotes leaf, flower, and fruit drop; Used commercially to promote ripening Produced in developing shoot and seeds; cause step elongation and induce seed germination and fruit development Plant Growth Responses to Environmental Factors: A ______________ is a growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which the _________________ comes. Auxins are responsible for producing tropisms. If the response is toward a stimulus, it is called a ______________ tropism. If the response is away from a stimulus, it is a ______________ tropism. Tropism: positive negative Phototropism Definition: Growth response to ___________ growth toward light growth away from light Growth responses to gravity Growth responses to touch Gravitropism Thigmotropism Organs- Roots and Stems Plants are organisms that are composed of four organs: _______________, ______________, ________________, and ______________. Each of these organs are composed of various types of _________________. Each of these __________________ are composed of various types of ________________ ____________. I. Roots: a. The functions of roots are: 1) 2) 3) 4) b. Types of roots: 1. _________________ (mainly in dicots): allow plants to reach water far storage. below the surface or for _________________________in the Savanna- Umbrella Thorn Acacia trees adapt to ______________________conditions is a deep taproot which can reach 115 feet underground. Without a taproot, it would not gain ______________in dry season. 2. ________________________: branch out to where they are essentially the same size. _______________________of fibrous roots in the desert: Many cacti have very____________, fibrous roots which absorb moisture from soil. Some, like ______________cacti, have shorter, more _________________roots that absorb _____________water that falls off the cactus. c. How do roots play a role in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed to make ___________ ______________and other important organic compounds, but most organisms cannot use free nitrogen. Gaseous nitrogen is broken apart in the process of_____________ ______________. The bacteria in the soil convert the ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. The nitrates are easily absorbed by plant roots. In this way, nitrogen is passed into the food chain and ultimately returned to the soil, water, and atmosphere. d. Roots and Symbiosis: Roots often form symbiotic associations with soil___________. In this association, the plant ________________from phosphorus that is taken up and supplied by the fungus, and the fungus __________________from carbohydrates produced by the plant. This is an example of ___________________. e. Root Structures 1) The _______________ is the outer cell layer. 2) Extensions of the epidermis, _________ _________, increase the surface area of the roots, and absorb the water and nutrients for the plant. 3) The ________________ is the next layer. It functions to transport water and nutrients to the vascular bundle. It is composed of _________________ cells which function as storage sites. 4) The ___________________ surrounds the root's vascular bundle. Its main functions are to __________________ the vascular tissue and to control the __________ flow into the root. 5) The __________________ lies within the endodermis. This tissue gives rise to lateral roots. 6) ____________ and ____________ are tissues located in the center of the root. Xylem transports _________________ within the plant while phloem transports the ________________ produced by __________________________to storage sites. 7) ___________________ tissue is found between the xylem and phloem cells. It is responsible for _________________ xylem and phloem cells for the plant. f. Root growth: 1. The ____________ ________________ is made up of cells that are responsible for the _____________ of a root. These cells are located just _______________ a protective layer of tough cells called the ________________________. II. Stems a. The functions of the stems are: 1. Provides support for ________________ and ________________ 2. Transport of __________, _________________, _____________between the leaves and roots. 3. Produces ______________ and _________________via the apical meristem. b. Types of stems: 1. _____________________: green, soft stems; may carry out photosynthesis (tomato stems, marigolds, impatiens); die back yearly. 2. _____________________: hard and rigid; ____________________; (oaks, hollies, roses). c. Internal structure of stems: 1. Stems contain both _____________ and __________________. 2. Note the arrangement of vascular tissues in monocot (scattered) and dicot stems (ring). d. Woody Stems: 1. May grow for ______________ ____________. 2. Grow in ________________ and __________________ (growth in thickness is called ______________ growth). Secondary growth is a result of ______________ division of the ___________________. This growth produces the growth rings that can be used to determine the _______________ of a plant. 3. _____________ is composed of ______________ and a corky layer that provides protection from insects, fungi, etc. e. Vascular tissue: 1. ____________________: any part of a plant that is used to store excess sugars produced by photosynthesis. 2. ___________________: part of the ______________in angiosperms; they conduct ________________. 3. __________________: part of the ________________in angiosperms; provide _____________________. 4. __________ ___________ _______________: make up the _________________; they are stacked to form Sieve tubes; the ends have small holes that allow materials to move from one cell to another; as the sieve tubes mature, they lose the nuclei and most of the other organelles; this forms a ___________________ through which sugars and other foods may be carried. 5. _____________ ____________: aid in making up the ________________ support the sieve tube elements and aid in moving the substances in and out of the phloem stream. g. Stem modifications: 1. _______________: food storage; usually grows underground. Ex: ___________________________. 2. _______________: composed of a central ___________ surrounded by ____________ that surround and protect the stem; may _________ food; Ex: _________________________________________________ 3. _______________: similar to a bulb but is a _________________ ___________ that stores food; outer covering composed of ___________ _ _______________; Ex: ________________________________________ 4. _______________: a ____________________, underground stem; Ex:_________________________________ Organ- Flower Angiosperms- “___________________________________” Reproduction takes place in the _________________________ Divided into two sub groups: ___________________& ____________________ Parts of the Flower 1. _________________- modified leaves surrounding the base of the flower for protection of the developing bud 2. __________________- all of the sepals collectively 3. __________________ -colorful, often fragrant modified leaf to attract insects 4. ___________________-all of the petals 5. ___________________- male reproductive structures collectively; look like upside down golf clubs; consists of two parts: anther and filament 6. ___________________- top part of stamen (head of golf club); produces pollen (male gamete) 7. ____________________-long, thin structure (shaft of golf club) that supports the anther and holds it up high 8. _________or__________- female reproductive structures; consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovules, and ova 9. _____________________- sticky tip of pistil; produces nectar and traps pollen 10. ____________________- long, thin tube that leads to the ovary 11. ____________________- enlarged, pear-shaped structure on the bottom of the pistil; contains the ovules and ova; becomes the fruit 12. ____________________- individual “room” inside the ovary that produces ova 13. ____________________- the female gametes (eggs) Steps of Reproduction in Flowers: 1) _______________________transfer of __________________from a stamen to a ______________. ____ Two methods of pollination: ______________________________: involves transfer of pollen from a stamen on one plant to a pistil on ________________plant. ______________________________: pollen is transferred from a stamen of one flower to a pistil of the same flower or to a pistil of another flower on the _______________plant. 2) _______________________________- the union of a sperm with an egg cell __________________ Fertilization occurs in Angiosperms. A pollen grain that lands on a ____________may grow a ______________tube. The tube pushes its way down the ________________to an __________________in the ovary. Two _________________from the pollen grain travel down the tube to the ovule. One sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm (food for the embryo). The second sperm fertilizes an _____________ cell in the ovule to form the__________________. A _______________then begins to develop (embryo + endosperm). The ovary itself develops into a ____________________that encloses the _____________________. Fruit Function in plants To continue the species of a plant A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called a____________________. Types of Seed Dispersal: 1. ___________________-Transport of __________________seeds in animal's fur or feathers; )____________fruit eaten, digested, and excreted at another location; bury seeds to come back to eat later (______________). 2. ______________________- the kind of seeds which are often wind dispersed are smaller seeds that have _____________or other hair-like or feather-like structures. 3. ______________________-plants living along streams and rivers have seeds that ___________________ downstream, therefore germinate at ___________sites