Download The Plant Kingdom

2015
The Plant Kingdom
(Chapters 20-22 in online textbook)
Major Characteristics:
1. Habitats:
2. Human survival is dependent on plants:
3. Autotrophic:
4. Multicellular
5. Eukaryotic
6. Cell walls composed of_________________________
Types of Plants:
1. ____________________________________:
A. Characteristics:
 no specialized cells for forming ____________, ______________, and _____________________
 adapted to live in ______________ environment
 usually ______________________ (no method for moving food & water)
B. Example: ________________________
 composed of a ________________ (like a stem) and the ____________________ (root-like
filament by which they attach to a surface and absorb nourishment).
 usually found on bare rock or surface of soil.
 common examples include _____________ & _______________________
2. Vascular plants:
A. Characteristics:
 have true roots, stems, and leaves
 ____________________ tissues transport ______________, ______________ & _______________.
 -2 types of vascular tissue:
 ___________ Transport water up the plant
 ___________ Transport glucose down the plant
 vascular development allows for larger plants & and drier environments
B. Examples:
1. Ferns (Division ______________________):
 ________________ developed vascular plant; contain vascular tissue but still
 reproduces by ___________________________ produced on the underside of
 ________________ (leaf-like structures); ______________ required for fertilization
 Have underground stems called ___________________that have roots growing
 down & fronds growing up. The rhizomes act as a ________ storage when
 the fern is unable to photosynthesize during________ conditions.
2. Gymnosperms (“______________________”):
a. Characteristics:
 protective __________ around ____________________ (whole structure is a
_______________) that increases survival; can withstand ____________
conditions.
 male gamete = _____________; female = __________________
 ________________________: when pollen lands on female reproductive
structure; male cones make pollen; female cones contain egg to
make seed; pollen delivered by wind
 ________________________: pollen sperm fuses with egg; no water
required
 the fertilized egg may take ___ yrs to develop into seed
b. Examples:
 ______________________________ (cone-bearing): evergreen trees &
shrubs with needle thin leaves (thick ______________ covers leaves to
allow for survival in extreme conditions)
 ___________________: palm-like conifers such as the Sago “palm” (not a
true palm!) or the cardboard “palm”... they are more similar to
pines that palms!
 __________________: “discovered” in the garden of an isolated Chinese
monastery; flat leaves; seeds covered with “flesh” that decays and
gives foul odor.
3. ________________________ (Flowering Plants)
a. Characteristics:
 grows in many habitats
 water not needed for fertilization
 production of __________________ (enhances pollination &
fertilization)
 protection & dispersal of seeds with _________________.
 make up the bulk of human diet
 seed contains _____________________ (tissue to nourish developing
embryo)
b. Types of Angiosperms:
 monocots
 dicots
 Based on arrangement of __________________ ________________.
Organ: Leaf
Internal leaf structure
Although chloroplasts are found in the cells of young stems and immature fruits, ______________________ are
the real photosynthetic factories of the plant. A cross section through the blade of a typical leaf reveals 4
distinct tissue layers.
1. ______________ _______________: This is a single layer of cells containing few or no ____________________.
The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them to pass through to
the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof _________________________,
which serves to reduce water loss from the leaf.
2. _______________ ______________: This consists of one or more layers of cylinder-shaped cells. The cells
are filled with ________________________ (usually several dozen of them) and carry on most of the
_________________________________ in the leaf.
3. __________ __________: Lying beneath the palisade layer, its cells are irregular in shape and loosely
packed. Although they contain a few chloroplasts, their main function seems to be aiding in the
exchange of gases between the leaf and the environment. During the day, these cells give off
_______________ and _____________ _____________ to the _____________ ______________ that surround them.
They also pick up carbon dioxide from the air spaces. The air spaces are interconnected and
eventually open to the outside through pores called ________________. (sing., stoma).
4. _____________ _______________: Typically. most of the stomata (thousands per square centimeter) are
located in the lower epidermis. Although most of the cells of the lower epidermis resemble those
of the upper epidermis, each stoma is flanked by two sausage-shaped cells called ______________
___________. The guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. Thus they control the
exchange of gases between the leaf and the surrounding atmosphere.
Leaf Veins
Not only must the cells of the palisade and spongy layers be close to their air supply to allow the
_______________ ________________ into leaf and to release the ____________________ out of leaf, but they must be
close to a leaf vein with its two types of _______________________ ______________________,


______________________ to supply water and minerals and
______________________ to remove synthesized food.
The photo shows the network of leaf veins in a maple leaf. Probably no cell in the spongy layer is more
than ____________cells away from a vein. The xylem and phloem of veins is often surrounded by layers of
___________________________________ cells. These impart strength to the vein providing a stiff framework to
support the soft tissues of the leaf blade.
Below are examples of various leaf modifications
Requirements for ____________________
In the presence of _________, plants transform __________ _______________ and _____________ into
___________________(_________________) and release ____________________.
Formula (write it out):
Requirements:
 ____________________: actually a mixture of different wavelengths of light
 ____________________: absorb light in the plant cell; _________ absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light.
_________________ ___________________: Energy is stored in ___________ _____________. The
 production of ________________ ____________________ (______) stores energy in chemical form so that cells
can use it.
ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and ______ phosphate groups. Energy is _____________ when a
phosphate group is bonded to an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to produce adenosine diphosphate
(ADP). Still more energy is stored when another phosphate group is bonded to the ADP to form
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Energy is ___________________ when the phosphate groups are removed.
____________________ control the production of ATP and its breakdown within the cell.
Plant Pigments:
1. _____________________: most important and abundant; absorbs two main colors of light (___________
and _____________): found in two types:
a. ___________________: appears bright green to blue green; being the ____________
photosynthetic pigment, it has a primary purpose to convert ______________ energy to
____________________ energy used by the plant.
b. _____________________: appears yellow green to olive green; absorbs light in a region of the
spectrum apart from the dominant chlorophyll, and ________________ the energy it produces
to chlorophyll a.
2. ________________ pigments: capture the sun’s energy but ____________ convert it to _______________
energy; rather it “hands off” the energy to ________________________.
a. _____________________: orange pigment found in carrots, pumpkins, oranges, etc.
b. _____________________: yellow pigment found in squash, lemons, etc.
c. _____________________: responsible for the red and blue colors in plants such as grapes,
apples, roses, beets, etc.
d. _____________________: The brown color in leaves that persists after all other colors have
disappeared
Regulating Growth and Development in Plants
__________________ Control Plant Growth and Development:
A __________________ is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and then ____________________ to
another part of the organism, where it brings about a ____________________.
Plant Hormone
Effects:
Produced in the tips of stems; promotes stem elongation, fruit
development, suppresses leaf & fruit drop; inhibits lateral bud growth
Produced in root tips; stimulate cell division; promote lateral bud growth
Produced throughout the plant body; stimulates fruit ripening; promotes
fruit ripening, promotes leaf, flower, and fruit drop; Used commercially
to promote ripening
Produced in developing shoot and seeds; cause step elongation and
induce seed germination and fruit development
Plant Growth Responses to Environmental Factors:
A ______________ is a growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by the
direction from which the _________________ comes. Auxins are responsible for producing tropisms. If the
response is toward a stimulus, it is called a ______________ tropism. If the response is away from a stimulus,
it is a ______________ tropism.
Tropism:
positive
negative
Phototropism
Definition:
Growth response to ___________
growth toward light
growth away from light
Growth responses to gravity
Growth responses to touch
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Organs- Roots and Stems
Plants are organisms that are composed of four organs: _______________, ______________, ________________, and
______________. Each of these organs are composed of various types of _________________. Each of these
__________________ are composed of various types of ________________ ____________.
I. Roots:
a. The functions of roots are:
1)
2)
3)
4)
b. Types of roots:
1. _________________ (mainly in dicots): allow plants to reach water far
storage.
below the surface or for
_________________________in the Savanna- Umbrella Thorn Acacia trees adapt to
______________________conditions is a deep taproot which can reach 115 feet underground.
Without a taproot, it would not gain ______________in dry season.
2. ________________________: branch out to where they are essentially the same size.
_______________________of fibrous roots in the desert: Many cacti have very____________,
fibrous roots which absorb moisture from soil. Some, like ______________cacti, have shorter,
more _________________roots that absorb _____________water that falls off the cactus.
c. How do roots play a role in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed to make ___________ ______________and other important
organic compounds, but most organisms cannot use free nitrogen. Gaseous nitrogen is broken
apart in the process of_____________ ______________. The bacteria in the soil convert the ammonia to
nitrites and nitrates. The nitrates are easily absorbed by plant roots. In this way, nitrogen is
passed into the food chain and ultimately returned to the soil, water, and atmosphere.
d. Roots and Symbiosis:
Roots often form symbiotic associations with soil___________. In this association, the plant
________________from phosphorus that is taken up and supplied by the fungus, and the fungus
__________________from carbohydrates produced by the plant. This is an example of ___________________.
e. Root Structures
1) The _______________ is the outer cell layer.
2) Extensions of the epidermis, _________ _________, increase the surface area of the roots, and
absorb the water and nutrients for the plant.
3) The ________________ is the next layer. It functions to transport water and nutrients to the
vascular bundle. It is composed of _________________ cells which function as storage sites.
4) The ___________________ surrounds the root's vascular bundle. Its main functions are to
__________________ the vascular tissue and to control the __________ flow into the root.
5) The __________________ lies within the endodermis. This tissue gives rise to lateral roots.
6) ____________ and ____________ are tissues located in the center of the root. Xylem transports
_________________ within the plant while phloem transports the ________________
produced by __________________________to storage sites.
7) ___________________ tissue is found between the xylem and phloem cells. It is responsible
for _________________ xylem and phloem cells for the plant.
f. Root growth:
1. The ____________ ________________ is made up of cells that are responsible for the _____________
of a root. These cells are located just _______________ a protective layer of tough cells called
the ________________________.
II. Stems
a. The functions of the stems are:
1. Provides support for ________________ and ________________
2. Transport of __________, _________________, _____________between the leaves and roots.
3. Produces ______________ and _________________via the apical meristem.
b. Types of stems:
1. _____________________: green, soft stems; may carry out photosynthesis (tomato stems,
marigolds, impatiens); die back yearly.
2. _____________________: hard and rigid; ____________________; (oaks, hollies, roses).
c. Internal structure of stems:
1. Stems contain both _____________ and __________________.
2. Note the arrangement of vascular tissues in monocot (scattered) and dicot stems (ring).
d. Woody Stems:
1. May grow for ______________ ____________.
2. Grow in ________________ and __________________ (growth in thickness is called ______________
growth). Secondary growth is a result of ______________ division of the ___________________.
This growth produces the growth rings that can be used to determine the _______________
of a plant.
3. _____________ is composed of ______________ and a corky layer that provides protection from
insects, fungi, etc.
e. Vascular tissue:
1. ____________________: any part of a plant that is used to store excess sugars produced by
photosynthesis.
2. ___________________: part of the ______________in angiosperms; they conduct ________________.
3. __________________: part of the ________________in angiosperms; provide _____________________.
4. __________ ___________ _______________: make up the _________________; they are stacked to form
Sieve tubes; the ends have small holes that allow materials to move from one cell to
another; as the sieve tubes mature, they lose the nuclei and most of the other organelles;
this forms a ___________________ through which sugars and other foods may be carried.
5. _____________ ____________: aid in making up the ________________ support the sieve tube
elements and aid in moving the substances in and out of the phloem stream.
g. Stem modifications:
1. _______________: food storage; usually grows underground. Ex: ___________________________.
2. _______________: composed of a central ___________ surrounded by ____________ that surround
and protect the stem; may _________ food; Ex: _________________________________________________
3. _______________: similar to a bulb but is a _________________ ___________ that stores food; outer
covering composed of ___________ _ _______________; Ex: ________________________________________
4. _______________: a ____________________, underground stem; Ex:_________________________________
Organ- Flower
Angiosperms- “___________________________________”
Reproduction takes place in the _________________________
Divided into two sub groups: ___________________& ____________________
Parts of the Flower
1. _________________- modified leaves surrounding the base of the
flower for protection of the developing bud
2. __________________- all of the sepals collectively
3. __________________ -colorful, often fragrant modified leaf to
attract insects
4. ___________________-all of the petals
5. ___________________- male reproductive structures collectively; look like upside down golf clubs;
consists of two parts: anther and filament
6. ___________________- top part of stamen (head of golf club); produces pollen (male gamete)
7. ____________________-long, thin structure (shaft of golf club) that supports the anther and holds it up
high
8. _________or__________- female reproductive structures; consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovules, and ova
9. _____________________- sticky tip of pistil; produces nectar and traps pollen
10. ____________________- long, thin tube that leads to the ovary
11. ____________________- enlarged, pear-shaped structure on the bottom of the pistil; contains the ovules
and ova; becomes the fruit
12. ____________________- individual “room” inside the ovary that produces ova
13. ____________________- the female gametes (eggs)
Steps of Reproduction in Flowers:
1) _______________________transfer of __________________from a stamen to a ______________.
____
Two methods of pollination:
______________________________: involves transfer of pollen from a stamen on one plant to a pistil on
________________plant.
______________________________: pollen is transferred from a stamen of one flower to a pistil of the same flower
or to a pistil of another flower on the _______________plant.
2) _______________________________- the union of a sperm with an egg cell
__________________ Fertilization occurs in Angiosperms.
A pollen grain that lands on a ____________may grow a ______________tube. The
tube pushes its way down the ________________to an __________________in the ovary. Two
_________________from the pollen grain travel down the tube to the ovule. One sperm unites with
2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm (food for the embryo). The second sperm fertilizes an
_____________ cell in the ovule to form the__________________. A _______________then begins to develop
(embryo + endosperm). The ovary itself develops into a ____________________that encloses
the _____________________.
Fruit Function in plants

To continue the species of a plant

A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called a____________________.
Types of Seed Dispersal:
1. ___________________-Transport of __________________seeds in animal's fur or feathers; )____________fruit eaten,
digested, and excreted at another location; bury seeds to come back to eat later (______________).
2. ______________________- the kind of seeds which are often wind dispersed are smaller seeds that have
_____________or other hair-like or feather-like structures.
3. ______________________-plants living along streams and rivers have seeds that ___________________
downstream, therefore germinate at ___________sites